7. Congressional Record, Appendix, Vol. 92, part 9, 24 January 1946, p. A225, letter to Congressman Hugh dc Lacy of State of Washington.

8. New York Times, 6 November 1945, p. 1; 19 December 1945, p. 2

9. Ibid., 9 December 1945, p. 24; 26 December 1945, p. 5.

10. Ibid., 26 December 1945, p. 5.

11. Fleming, p. 587.

12. Christopher Robbins, Air America (U.S., 1979), pp. 46-57; Victor Marchetti and John Marks, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence (New York, 1975), p. 149.

13. Hearings held in executive session before the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee during 1949-50: Economic Assistance to China and Korea 1949-50, testimony of Dean Acheson, p. 23; made public January 1974 as part of the Historical Series.

14. Tuchman, p. 676.

15. For some detail of the oppression and atrocities carried out by the Chiang regime against the Taiwanese, see Scott Anderson and Jon Lee Anderson, inside the League (New York, 1986), pp. 47-9, citing prominent American Generals and a State Department official who was in Taiwan at the time. Also see Fleming, p. 578-9. In 1992, the Taiwan government admitted that its army had killed an estimated 18,000 to 28,000 native-born Taiwanese in the 1947 massacre. (Los Angeles Times, 24 February 1992).

16. Felix Greene, A Curtain of Ignorance (New York, 1964)

17. Tuchman, p. 676; Fleming, pp. 572-4, 577, 584-5; Milovan Djilas, Conversations with Stalin (London, 1962), p, 164; New York Times, 7 November 1945, p. 12; 14 November, p. 1; 21 November, p.2; 28 November, p. 1; 30 November, p. 3; 2 December, p. 34.

18. New York Times, 12 January 1947, p. 44.

19. William Manchester, American Caesar: Douglas MacArthur 1880-1964 (London, 1979), p. 535.

20. Foreign Relations of the United Slates, 1949, Vol. VIII, The Far East: China (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1978), passim between pp. 357 and 399; 768, 779-80; publication of this volume in the State Departments series was held up precisely because it contained the reports about Chou En-Lais request (San Francisco Chronicle, 27 September 1978, p. F-l).

21. Sec Indonesia 1957-1958 chapter and The Guardian (London), 24 August 1385.

22. New York Times, 25 April 1966, p. 20.

23. Burma: David Wise and Thomas Ross, The Invisible Government (New York, 1965, paperback edition), pp. 138-44; Joseph Burkholder Smith, Portrait of a Cold Warrior (New York, 1976), pp. 77-8; New York Times, 28 July 1951; 28 December 1951; 22 February 1952; 8 April 1952; 30 December 1952; opium: Robbins, pp. 84-7.

24. Washington Post, 20 August 1958, Joseph Alsop, a columnist who had been a staff officer under General Chennault and was well connected with Taiwan. Over the years he performed a variety of undercover tasks forthe CIA, as did his brother Stewart Alsop. (see Carl Bernstein, The CIA and the Media , Rolling Stone magazine, 20 October 1977.)

25. Quemoy and Matsu: Stewart Alsop (formerly with the OSS; also see note 24), The Story Behind Quemoy: How We Drifted Close to War, Saturday Evening Post, 13 December 1958, p. 26; Andrew Tulley, CM; The Inside Story (New York, 1962), pp. 162-5; Fleming, pp. 9301; Wise and Ross. p. 116; New York Times, 27 April 1966, p. 28.

26. Wise and Ross, p. 114.

27. Air drops: Wise and Ross, pp. 112-5; Thomas Powers, The Man Who Kept the Secrets (New York, 1979), pp. 43- 4; Newsweek, 26March 1973.

28. Overflights: Marchetti and Marks, pp. 150, 287; Washington Post, 27 May 1966; New York Times, 28 March 1969, p. 40.

29. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1943, China (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1957), p. 630.

30. Tibet: David Wise, The Politics of Lying (New York, 1973, paperback edition), pp. 239-54; Robbins, pp. 94-101; Marchetti and Marks, pp. 128-31 and p. 97 of the 1983 edition.

31. Peoples China, English-language magazine, Foreign Languages Press, Peking, 17 September 1952, p. 28.

32. Callum A. MacDonald, Korea: The War Before Vietnam (New York, 1986), pp. 161-2, cites several sources for this well known occurrence.

33. Germ Warfare: Peoples China, 1952, passim, beginning 16 March.

34. New York Times, 9 August 1970, IV, p. 3.

35. Washington Post, 17 December 1979, p. A18, whooping cough cases recorded in Florida jumped from 339 and one death in 1954 to 1,080 and 12 deaths in 1955. The CIA received the bacteria from the Armys biological research center at Fort Detrick, Md.

36. San Francisco Chronicle, 4 December 1979, p. 12. For a detailed account of US Government experiments with biological agents within the United States, see: Leonard A. Cole, Clouds of Secrecy: The Armys Germ Warfare Tests over Populated Areas (Maryland, 1990), passim.

37. Department of State Bulletin, 2 May 1966.

2. ITALY 1947-1948

1. Addressing the Cathedral Club of Brooklyn, 15 January 1948; cited in David Caute, The Great Fear: The Anti-Communist Purge Under Truman and Eisenhower (Simon and Schuster, New York, 1979), p. 15.

2. Robert T. Holt and Robert W. van de Velde, Strategic Psychological Operations and American Foreign Policy (University of Chicago Press, 1960) p. 169.

3. Dissolving the cabinet: New York Times, 21 January 1947, p. 5; 26 January, p. 31; 3 February, p. 1; 5 May, p. 13; 13 May; 14 May; 29 May, p.3; 2 June, p. 24.

4. New York Times, 5 May 1947, p. 1; 11 May, IV, p. 5; 14 May, pp. 14 and 24; 17 May, p. 8; 18 May, IV, p. 4; 20 May, p. 2; Howard K. Smith, The State of Europe (London, 1950), p. 151 (includes Ramadier quote; similar quote in New York Times, 20 May).

5. Time, 22 March 1948, p. 35.

6. William Colby, Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA (New York, 1978), p. 109.

7. Except where otherwise indicated, the items in the succeeding list ate derived from the following:

a) New York Times, 16 March to 18 April 1948, passim;

b) Howard K. Smith, pp. 198-219;

c) William E. Daugherty and Morris Janowitz, A Psychological Warfare Casebook (Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1958), pp. 319-26;

d) Holt and van dc Velde, pp. 159-205;

e) E. Edda Martinez and Edward A, Suchman, Letters from America and the 1948 Elections in Italy , The Public Opinion Quarterly (Princeton University), Spring 1950, pp. 111-25.

8. Cited in Smith, p. 202, no date of issue given.

9. Tom Braden, Im Glad the CIA is Immoral , Saturday Evening Post, 20 May 1967; Braden had been a high- ranking CIA officer.

10. Miles Copeland, Without Cloak and Dagger (New York, 1974), pp. 235-6; also published as The Real Spy World.

11. CIA memorandum to the Forty Committee (National Security Council), presented to the Select Committee on Intelligence, US House of Representatives (The Pike Committee) during closed hearings held in 1975. The bulk of the committees report which contained this memorandum was leaked to the press in February 1976 and first appeared in book form as CIA - The Pike Report (Nottingham, England, 1977). The memorandum appears on pp. 2045 of this book. (See also: Notes: Iraq.)

12. Stephen Goode, The CIA (Franklin Watts, Inc., New York, 1982), p. 45; William R. Corson, The Armies of Ignorance: The Rise of the American Intelligence Empire {The Dial Press, New York, 1977) pp. 298-9. Corson had an extensive career in military intelligence and was Staff Secretary of the Presidents Special Group Joint DOD-CIA Committee on Counterinsurgency R & D.

13. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United Stales: Harry S, Truman, 1947 (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1963) pp. 178-9.

14. New York Times, 8 April 1948.

15. Ibid., 12 April 1948.

16. Smith, p. 200.

17. Ibid., p. 202.

18. New York Times, 15 April 1948.

3. GREECE 1947 to early 1950s

1. Jorge Semprun, What a Beautiful Sunday! (English translation, London, 1983), pp. 26-7; Semprun wrote the screenplays for Z and La Guerre est finie.

2. For a summary of some of the literature about ELAS and EAM, see Todd Gidin, Counter-Insurgency: Myth and Reality in Greece in David Horowitz, ed., Containment and Revolution (Boston, 1967) pp, 142-7, See also D.F. Fleming, The Cold War and ill Origins, 1917-1960 (New York, 1961) pp. 183-5; Howard K. Smith, The Stale of Europe (London, 19.50) pp. 225-30; William Hardy McNeil!, The Greek Dilemma: War and Aftermath (US, 1947) passim.

3. For accounts of the thoroughly unprincipled British policy in Greece and its dealings with collaborators during 1944-46, see Fleming, pp. 174-87; Smith, pp. 227-31, 234; Lawrence S. Winner, American Intervention in Greece, 1943-1949 (Columbia University Press, NY, 1982) passim.

4. Churchill quote: Kati Marton, The Polk Conspiracy: Murder and Cover-Up in the Case of CBS News Correspondent George Polk (New York, 1990), p. 23. EAM sign: Hearst Metrotone News, N.Y., film shot 3 November 1944, copy in authors possession.

5. Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 16 October 1946, column 887 (reference is made here to Bevins statement of 10 August). See also Christopher Simpson, Blowback: Americas Recruitment of Nazis and its Effects on the Cold War (New York, 1988), p. 81.

6. Gitlin, p. 157; Winner, p. 25.

7. Winston Churchill, The Second World War, Vol. VI, Triumph and Tragedy (London, 1954), pp. 198, 255. For further evidence of Soviet non-intervention, see Winner, pp. 26-7.

8. Fleming, p. 182; see also Smith, p. 228.

9. See sources listed in notes 2 and 3 above; see also James Becket, Barbarism in Greece (New York, 1970) p. 6; Richard Barnet, Intervention and Revolution (London, 1970) pp. 99-101; Edgar OBallance, The Greek Civil War, 1944-1949 (London, 1966) pp. 155, 167.

10. Smith, p. 232. To capture the full flavor of how dreadful the Greek government of that time was, see Marton, op. cit., passim. This book recounts the story of how the Greek authorities, with US approval, fabricated a case to prove that CBS news correspondent George Polk had been murdered by communists, and not by the government, because he was about to reveal serious corruption by the prime minister,

11. Stephen G. Xydis, Greece and the Great Powers, 1944-1947 (Institute for Balkan Studies, Thessaloniki, Greece, 1963) p. 479, information from the archives of the Greek Embassy in Washington.

12. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1947, Vol. V (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1971) p. 222.

13. New York Times Magazine, 12 October 1947, p. 10.

14. Foreign Relations, op. cit., pp. 222-3.

15. Cited in Fleming, p. 444.

16. Barnet, p. 109.

17. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Harry S. Truman, 1947 (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1963) p. 177.

18. Milovan Djilas, Conversations with Stalin (London, 1962) p. 164. Djilas was imprisoned in 1962 for divulging state secrets in this book.

19. For details of the American military effort: