Промышленный лизинг Промышленный лизинг  Методички 

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a) OBallance, passim

b) Wittner, p. 242

c) CIA Report to the President, March 1948, appendices D and F, Declassified Documents Reference System (Arlington, Va.) 1977, document 168A

d) Department of the Army internal memorandum, 15 June 1954, DDRS 1980, document 253C

e) Simpson, pp. 81-2 (Secret Army Reserve)

20. OBallance, p. 156.

21. Ibid., p. 173

22. Christopher M. Woodhouse, The Struggle for Greece, 1941-1949 (London, 1976) pp. 260-1.

23. New York Times, 28 August 1947, p. 1; 5 September 1947, p. 1.

24. Foreign Relations, op. cit., p. 327.

25. John 0. latrides, American Attitudes Toward the Political System of Postwar Greece in Theodore A Couloumbis and John 0. latrides, eds., Greek-American Relations: A Critical Review (New York, 1980) pp. 64- 65; Lawrence Stern, The Wrong Horse: The Politics of Intervention and the Failure of American Diplomacy (N.Y. Times Books, 1977) pp. 16-17.

26. Philip Deane, I Should Have Died (Atheneum, New York, 1977) pp, 102, 103; Andreas Papandreou, Democracy at Gunpoint (Doubleday, New York, 1970) pp. 845.

27. Papandreou, p. 80.

28. New York Times, 13 July 1947, p. 11.

29. Ibid., 11 September 1947, p. 19; 17 October 1947, p. 11.

30. Papandreou, p. 5.

31. Sent by Horace Smith of AMAG; U.S. National Archives, Record Group 59, cited in Michael M. Amen, American Foreign Policy in Greece 1944/1949: Economic, Military and Institutional Aspects (Peter Lang Ltd., Frankfurt, W. Germany, 1978), pp. 114-5.

4. THE PHILIPPINES 1940s and 1950s

1. Charles S. Olcott, The Life of William McKinley (Boston, 1916) vol. 2, pp. 110-11; from a talk given to a visiting group from the Methodist Episcopal Church.

2. US actions against Huks during Second World War:

a) D.M. Condit, Bert H, Cooper, Jr., et al., Challenge and Response in Internal Conflict, Volume 1, The Experience in Asia (Center for Research in Social Systems, The American University, Washington, D.C., 1968), p. 481, research performed for the Department of the Army.

b) Luis Taruc, Born of the People (New York, 1953, although completed in June 1949) pp. 147-62, 186-211, the autobiography of the Huks commander-in-chief who surrendered to the government in 1954.

c) William J. Pomeroy, An American Made Tragedy (New York, 1974) pp. 74-7; Pomeroy is an American who served in the Philippines during the war where he encountered the Huks. After the war, he returned to fight with them he until he was captured in 1952,

d) George E. Taylor, The Philippines and the United States: Problems of Partnership (New York, 1964) p. 122 (see note 1.! below).

e) Eduardo Lachica, Huk: Philippine Agrarian Society in Revolt (Manila, 1971) pp, 1123, 116-7.

f) Philippines: A Country Study (Foreign Area Studies, The American University, Washington, D.C., 1983-84) p. 43, prepared for the Department of the Army.

3. Taruc, chapter 22; Pomeroy, pp, 77-8; Taylor, pp. 116-20.



4. New York Times, 19 December 1952, p. 13

5. Philippines: A Country Study, p. 44

6. New York Times, 5 January 1946, p. 26

7. Hearings before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs in executive session, 7 June 1946, released in 1977, p. 31. Arnold was the Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff, Operations Division, War Department General Staff.

8. American servicemens protests: New York Times, 8 January 1946, p. 3; 11 January, p. 4; for more information see Mary-Alice Waters, G.I.s and the Fight Against War (New York, 1967), pamphlet published by Young Socialist magazine.

9. New York Times, 20 May 1946, p. 8; 2 June, p. 26; 4 June, p. 22 (letter from Tomas Confessor, prominent Filipino political figure, detailing the illegality of not seating the men); 18 September, p. 4; 19 September, p. 18; Pomeroy, p. 20; Taruc, pp. 214-27; Lachica, pp. 120-1.

10. New York Times, 12 March 1947, p. 15; the words are those of the Times; Lachica, p. 121.

11. Pomeroy, p. 28, explains how this came about.

12. Taruc, chapters 23 and 24; Pomeroy, p. 78; the Philippine Army reported that 600 deaths had occurred from their incursions into Huk areas in the month following the electron (New York Times, 20 May 1946, p. 8) but no breakdown between military and non-military casualties was given in the press account; see also Lachica, p. 121.

13. Taylor, pp. 114, 115. The book was published by Frederick A. Praeger, Inc. for the Council on Foreign Relations, the ultra high-level think-tank whose officers and directors at the time included Allen Dulles, David Rockefeller, and John J. McCloy. Praeger, it was later disclosed, published a number of books in the 1960s under CIA sponsorship- This book, though generally reasonable on most matters, descends to the puerile and semi-hysterical when discussing the Huks or communism.

14. Department of State, Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America, 1776-1949 (Washington, 1974) pp. 84-9; Pomeroy, pp. 21-3; Taylor, p. 129.

15. New York Times, 1 July 1946, $50 million furnished; 11 February 1950, p. 6, $163.5 million furnished under the 1947 agreement.

16. Edward G. Lansdale, In the Midst of Wars (New York, 1972) passim; Stephen Shalom, Counter-insurgency in the Philippines in Daniel Schirmer and Stephen Shalom, eds., The Philippine Reader (Boston, 1987) pp. 112-3.

17. William Worden, Robin Hood of the Islands, Saturday Evening Post, 12 January 1952, p. 76.

18. Lansdale, pp. 24-30,47.

19. Joseph Burkholder Smith, Portrait of a Cold Warrior [New York, 1976) p. 95 (see note 30 for Smiths back-ground).

20. Lansdale, pp. 72-3.

21. Ibid., pp. 47-59.

22. Ibid., pp. 70-1, 81-3, 92-3; Smith, p. 106; Taruc, pp. 68-9; for further description of this propaganda campaign, see Shalom, pp. 115-6.

23. Col. L. Fletcher Prouty, US Air Force, Ret., The Secret Team: The CIA and its Allies in Control of the World (Ballantine Books, New York, 1974, paperback) pp. 38-9.

24. Ibid., pp. 102-3.

25. Smith, p, 95, quoting CIA officer Paul Lineberger.

26. New York Times, 16 October 1953, p. 26

27. Interviews by author Thomas Buell of Ralph Lovett, CIA Chief of Station in the Philippines in the early 1950s.and of Lansdale; cited in Raymond Bonnet, Waltzing With a Dicatator: The Marcoses and the Making of American Policy (New York, 1987) pp. 39-40. See also New York Times, 31 March 1997, p.l

28. Bonner, p. 41

29. Sherman Adams, Firsthand Report (New York, 1961) p. 123.



30. For an overall derailed description of CIA manipulation of Philippine political life, and of Magsaysay in particular, see Smith, chapters 7, 15, 16, 17. Smith was a CIA officer who, in the early 1950s, worked in the Far East Division, which includes the Philippines, concerned with political and psychological-warfare matters.

31. Smith, p. 280

32. Buell interview of Lovett (see note 27), cited in Bonnet, p. 42.

33. Readers Digest, April 1963, article entitled Democracy Triumphs in the Philippines .

34. Smith, p. 290

35. House Bill No. 6584, Republic Act No. 1700, approved 20 June 1957.

36. Huks condition: New York Times, 3 April 1949, p. 20; 30 June 1950, p. 4.

37. Lachica, p. 131

38. Taylor, p. 192

5. KOREA 1945-1953

1. New York Times, 1 October 1950, p. 3.

2. The U.S. Imperialists Started the Korean War is the subtle title of the book published in Pyongyang, North Korea, 1977, pp. 109-10.

3. Radio address of 13 April 1950, reprinted in The Department of State Bulletin, 24 April 1950, p. 627.

4. For a discussion of the wars immediate origin, see:

a) Katunakar Gupta, How Did the Korean War Begin? , The China Quarterly (London) October/December 1972, No. 52, pp. 699-716.

b) Comment: The Korean War , The China Quarterly, April/June 1973, No. 54, pp. 354-68. This consists of responses to Guptas article in issue No. 52 and Guptas counter-response.

c) New York Times, 26 June 1950. Page 1 - South Koreas announcement about Haeju. Page 3 - North Koreas announcement about Haeju.

d) Glenn D. Paige, The Korean Decision (June 24-30, 1950) (New York, 1968) passim, particularly p. 130.

e) I.F. Stone, The Hidden History of the Korean War (New York, 1952) chapter 7 and elsewhere.

5. John Gunther, The Riddle of MacArthur (London, 1951), pp. 151-2.

6. New York Times, 25 July 1950, p, 4; 30 July, p. 2.

7. Khrushchev Remembers (London, 1971) chapter 11. Study of transcription vs. book: John Merrill, Book Reviews, Journal of Korean Studies (University of Washington, Seattle) Vol. 3, 1981, pp. 181-91.

8. Joseph C. Goulden, Korea; The Untold Story of the War (New York, 1982), p. 64.

9. New York Times, 26 June 1950.

10. Ibid., 1 October 1950, p. 4.

11. Goulden, pp. 87-8; Stone, pp. 75,77.

12. For further discussion of the UNs bias at this time see Jon Halliday, The United Nations and Korea , in Frank Baldwin, ed., Without Parallel: The American-Korean Relationship Since 1945 (New York, 1974), pp. 109-42.

13. Trygve Lie, In the Cause of Peace (New York, 1954) chapters 18 and 19.

14. Shirley Hazzard, Countenance of Truth: The United Nations and the Waldheim Case (New York, 1990), pp. 13- 22. In his book, p. 389, Lie slates that it was he who initiated this practice.

15. CIA memorandum, 28 June 1950, Declassified Documents Reference System (Arlington, Virginia) Retrospective Volume, Document 33C.

16. Stone, pp. 77-8.

17. The full text of the Security Council Resolution of 7 July 1950 can be found in the New York Times, 8 July 1950, p. 4.



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