8. GERMANY 1950s

1. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York, 1969) p. 260.

2. Ibid.

3. Failure of deindustrialization; for further discussion, see Richard J. Barnet, Allies: America. Europe and Japansince the War (London, 1984) pp. 33-9.

4. Dwight Eisenhower, The While House Years: Mandate for Change, 1953-1956 (New York, 1963) pp. 79-80.

5. New York Times, 6 November 1952, p. 3

6. Democratic German Report, 13 February 1953; see description of this publication below.

7. Victor Marchetti and John Marks, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, {New York,

1975) p. 147.8. Sabotage and subversion campaign:

a) Democratic German Report, various issues from 1952 to 1957 {consult its annual

indexes under Sabotage, Espionage, etc.). This was a small English-language news magazine published fortnightly in East Berlin by Britisher John Peet, former chief correspondent for Reuters News Agency in West Berlin.

b) Nations Business (published by the United States Chamber of Commerce) April

1952, pp. 25-7, 68-9, discusses many of the tactics employed.

c) Sanche de Gramont, The Secret War (New York, 1963) pp. 479-80.

d) The New Yorker, 8 September 1951, article on the Investigating Committee of Freedom-minded Jurists of the Soviet Zone.

e) The Nation, (New York) 24 June 1961, pp. 551-2.

f) Andrew Tully, CIA: The Inside Story (Fawcert, New York, 1962) pp. 133-4, CIA activity in June 1953 East German uprising.

g) Saturday Evening Post, 6 November 1954, p. 64, refers to CIA-promoted train derailments in East Germany, and blowing up a railway bridge and promoting factory work slowdowns in unspecified East European countries. This was part of a series on the CIA prepared in collaboration with the Agency. [See Jonathan Kwitny, Endless Enemies: The Making of an Unfriendly World (New York, 1984) p. 165.]

9. Secret army, hit-list, etc.:

a) Newsweek, 20 October 1952, p. 42.

b) New York Times, 9 October 1952, p. 8; 10 October, p. 3 {under the remarkable headline: German Saboteurs Betray U.S. Trust ); 12 October, p. 14.

c) Der Spiegel {West German weekly news magazine), 15 October 1952, pp. 6-8.

d) Democratic German Report, 15 and 24 October 1952; 21 November 1952. 9. New York Times, 14 October 1952, p. 13.

9. IRAN 1953

A general account and overview of the events in this chapter can be obtained from the following:

a) Kermit Roosevelt, Countercoup: The Struggle for the Control of Iran (New York, 1979) passim.

b) Bahman Nirumand, Iran: The New Imperialism in Action (New York, 1969), chapters 2 to 4, particularly the Iranian case for nationalization, British and American reaction, and post-coup developments.

c) Stephen Ambrose, Ikes Spies {Doubleday & Co., New York, 1981) chapters 14 and 15.

d) Barry Rubin, Paved With Good Intentions: The American Experience and Iran (New York, 1980) chapter 3.

e) David Wise and Thomas B. Ross, The Invisible Government {New York, 1965, paperback edition), pp. 116-21.

f) Andrew Tully, CIA: The Inside Story {New York, 1962), pp. 76-84.

g) Fred J. Cook in The Nation (New York) 24 June 1961, pp. 547-51, particularly Conditions in Iran after the coup.

1. Roosevelt, p. 8.

2. Ibid., pp. 18-19.

3. Anthony Eden, The Memoirs of the Right Honourable Sir Anthony Eden: Full Circle (London, 1960) p. 194.

4. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York, 1969) pp. 679-85; Eden, pp. 201-2: Nirumand, pp. 73-4.

5. Roosevelt, p. 107.

6. Ibid., pp. II, 2, 3, 91-2,126, 134,164, 119.

7. Acheson, p. 504.

8. Relations between Mossadegh, Tudeh, and the Soviet Union:

a) Manfred Halpern, Middle East and North Africa , in C.E, Black and T.P. Thornton, eds., Communism and Revolution (U.S., 1964) pp. 316-19

b) Donald N. Wilber, Iran-. Past and Present (Princeton University Press, Third Edition,

1955), p. 115. Wilber is an historian who, by his own admission, was also a CIA operative. He claims, in 3 later book, to have been the principal planner for the operation to overthrow Mossadegh (known as Operation AJAX), although he offers no evidence to support this assertion. He also states that Roosevelts book is full of factual errors. See Adventures in the Middle East {1986), pp. 187-8.

c) Nirumand, op. cit.

d) Rubin, op. cit.

9. The Declassified Documents Reference System (Arlington, Va.) 1979 volume, document 79E.

10. Ibid.

11. Roosevelt interview by Robert Scheer in the Los Angeles Times, 29 March 1979, p. 1.

12. New York Times, 10 July 1953, p. 4.

13. Roosevelt, p. 168.

14. Fitzroy Maclean, Eastern Approaches (London, 1949) pp. 266, 274; Maclean was a British officer in World War II who kidnapped Zahedi (or Zahidi) to keep him from further aiding the Nazis.

15. The details of the last days of the Mossadegh regime can be found in Roosevelt, chapters 11 and 12; Wilber pp.124-7 (purposely makes no mention of the CIA - see Note 8); Ambrose, chapter 15, as well as in other books mentioned in this section.

16. Demonstration: Wilber, p. 125; Roosevelt, p. 179; New York Times, 19 August 1953.

17. Brian Lapping, End of Empire (Great Britain/US 1985) p. 220, based on the Granada Television series of the same name broadcast in Britain in 1985,

18. Halpern, p. 318; Wilber, p. 125.

19. Henderson meeting with Mossadegh: Ambrose, pp. 208-9, interview with Henderson by the author; Roosevelt, pp. 183-5.

20. New York Times, 19 August 1953.

21. Roosevelt, p. 191-2.

22. New York Times, 20 August 1953, p. 1: The Times {London), 20 August 1953.

23. David Leigh, The Wilson Plot: How the Spycatchers and Their American Allies Tried to Overthrow the British Government (New York, 1988) pp. 14-15.

24. Hearings in 1954 before the House Foreign Affairs Committee on The Mutual Security ACT of 1954 , pp. 503, 569-70. Stewart was the Director of the Office or Military Assistance, Department of Defense.

25. Kennett Love, The American Role in the Pahlevi Restoration on 19 August 1953 (Pahlevi was the Shahs name), unpublished manuscript residing amongst the Allen Duller papers, Princeton University; excerpted in Jonathan Kwitny, Endless Enemies: The Making of an Unfriendly World (New York, 1984) pp. 164-177.

26. New York Times, 18 January 1953, IV, p. 8.

27. Arthur L. Richards, Director, Office of Greek, Turkish and Iranian Affairs, testimony 17 July 1953, before House Committee on Foreign Affairs in executive session, released in 1981, p. 148.

28. New York Times, 21 July 1953.

29. Ibid., 23 August 1953, IV, p. 1.

30. Scheer interview.

31. The Guardian (London) 2 January 1984, British Government papers of 1953, released 1 January 1984.

32. Testimony at Hearings on the Situation in the Middle East , Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, 24 February 1956, p. 23.

33. Nirumand, pp. 100-108 explains the contract in derail.

34. Roosevelts post-CIA career: Scheer interview; Wise and Ross, pp. 116-7; Kwitny, p. 183.

35. Robert Engler, The Politics of Oil: A Study of Private Power and Democratic Directions (N.Y., 1961) p. 310.

36. San Francisco Chronicle, 26 December 1979.

37. Roosevelt, p. 145.

38. New York Times, 6 August 1954.

39. Allen Dulles, The Craft of Intelligence (New York, 1965) p.216.

40. Fortune {New York) June 1975, p. 90.

41. Love, op. cit., cited in Kwitny, p. 175.

42. Roosevelt, p. 9.

43. Jesse J. Leaf, Chief CIA analyst on Iran for five years before resigning in 1973, interviewed by Seymour Hersh in the New York Times, 7January 1979.

44. Martin Ennals, Secretary-General of Amnesty International, cited in an article by Reza Baraheni in Matchbox (Amnesty publication in New York) Fall, 1976.

45. Tully, p. 76.

46. See, e.g. Michael Klare, War Without End (New York, 1972) pp. 375, 379, 382, based on official US Government tables covering the 1950s and 1960s.

47. Cook, p. 550.

48. San Francisco Chronicle, 3 March 1980, p. 15.

10.GUATEMALA 1953-1954

The details of the events described in this chapter were derived principally from the following sources:

a) Stephen Schlesinger and Stephen Kinzer, Bitter Fruit: The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala (Doubleday Si Co., New York, 1982) passim, based partly on documents obtained under the Freedom of Information Act from the State Department, the Defense Department, the CIA, the National Archives, the Navy Department, and the FBI, as well as documents at the Eisenhower Library and amongst the John Foster Dulles and Allen Dulles papers at Princeton University, and interviews with individuals who played a role in the events. This is the primary source where another source is not indicated.

b) Blanche Wiesen Cook, The Declassified Eisenhower (Doubleday & Co., New York,

1981) pp. 222-92, based partly on documents at the Eisenhower Library and the