Guatemala archives at the Library of Congress. The latter is composed of papers confiscated by the US after the coup.

c) Richard H. Immerman, The CIA in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention

(University of Texas Press, Austin, 1982) pp. 118-22, ch. 6 and 7, based partly on papers at the Truman and Eisenhower Libraries and interviews.

d) David Wise and Thomas Ross, The Invisible Government (New York, 1965, paperback edition) chapter 11.

e) Thomas and Marjorie Melville, The Politics of Land Ownership (New York, 1971), ch. 4 to 6; published in Great Britain the same year in slightly different form as Guatemala - Another Vietnam?

1. Schlesinger and Kinzer, pp. 143-4.

2. New York Times, 16 June 1954.

3. Ibid., 20 May 1954, p. 18.

4. Time magazine, 11 January 1954.

5. Congressional Record, 8 February 1954, p. 1475.

6. Time,19July 1954,p.34.

7. Cook, p. 274; Schlesinger and Kinzer, p. 148.

8. Cook, p. 234.

9. Ibid., pp. 240-41.

10. Schlesinger and Kinzer, p. 12.

11. Cook, pp. 242-3, quoting former Guatemalan Foreign Minister Raul Oesegueda.

12. Schlesinger and Kinzer, p. 61.

13. Washington Post, 15 November 1953, p. 3B.

14. Schlesinger and Kinzer, pp. 58-9.

15. CIA National Intelligence Estimate, 11 March 1952, pp. 1-3, Declassified Documents Reference System (Woodbridge, Connecticut) 1982 Volume, Document no. 6.

16. Immerman, pp. 118-22.

17. Thomas P. McCann, An American Company: The Tragedy of United Fruit (New York, 1976) p. 49. McCann had been an official with United Fruit. Almost all sources differ as to the amount offered by the Guatemalan Government, ranging from McCanns figure to almost $1,200,000.

18. Schlesinger and Kinzer, pp. 106-7 and passim; McCann, chapter 4.

19. Schlesinger and Kinzer, p. 52.

20. Ibid., pp. 102-3.

21. Derived primarily from Schlesinger and Kinzer, to a lesser extent from the other sources listed at the beginning of this section, as well as those specified below.

22. Dwight Eisenhower, The White House Years: Mandate for Change, 1953-1956 (New York, 1963) p. 424.

23. Cook, pp. 270-71.

24. Ibid., pp. 249-52.

25. Time, 8 February 1954, p. 36.

16. New York Times, 30 January 1954, pp. 1,6.

27. McCann, p. 60.

28. David Atlee Phillips, The Night Watch: Twenty-five Years of Peculiar Service (Atheneum, New York, 1977) pp. 34-5.

29. Life magazine, 5 July 1954, p. 8.

30. Newsweek, 5 July 1954, p. 46.

31. State Department memo, 23 June 1954, cited in Schlesinger and Kinzer, p. 189.

32. James Hagerty, White House Press Secretary, Diaries 1954 (Eisenhower Library), 24 June 1954, cited in Schlesinger and Kinzer, p. 181.

33. Brian Urquhart, Hammarskjold (Knopf, New York, 1972), pp. 91-4.

34. New York Times, 24 June 1954; Schlesinger and Kinzer, p. 175.

35. Guillermo Toriello, La Batalla de Guatemala (Mexico City, 1955) p. 189; the Guatemalan Foreign Minister related what he was told by Col. Diaz; cited in Schlesinger and Kinzer, p. 207.

36. Cook, p. 285; Wise and Ross, p. 192-3.

37. Paul Kennedy, The Middle Beat (Teachers College Press, Columbia University, New York, 1971) p. 142; Schlesinger and Kinzer, pp. 219-20.

38. Time, 12 July 1954, p. 31.

39. Wise and Ross, pp. 194-5; John Gerassi, The Great Fear in Latin America (New York, 1965, revised edition) p.183.

40. Melville, p. 93.

41. Schlesinger and Kinzer, pp. 218-9.

42. Ibid., pp. 60, 221-2; Cook, p. 231; Gerassi, p. 183.

43. Wise and Ross, p. 187.

44. Schlesinger and Kinzer, 222-3.

45. Hilda Gadea, Ernesto: A Memoir of Che Guevara (London, 1973, translated from the Spanish) p. 54.

46. New York Times, 1 July 1954.

47. CIA memo, 16 August 1954, Declassified Documents Reference System (Woodbridge, Connecticut) 1983 Volume, Document No. 32.

48. Statement before the Subcommittee on Latin America, House Select Committee on Communist Aggression, 8 October 1954, as reprinted in Department of State Bulletin, 8 November 1954, p. 690. 49. Eisenhower, pp. 421-7. 50. New York Times, 28 October 1955.

11.COSTA RICA Mid-1950s

1. Los Angeles Times, 10 March 1975.

2. Miami Herald, 10 March 1975.

3. Christian Science Monitor (Boston), 11 March 1975. Notes one to three all refer to the same television interview of Figueres in Mexico City, 9 March 1975. Figueres may have admitted to his CIA connections at this time because shortly before, Philip Agees book had come out identifying Figueres as a long-time Agency collabora tor . (Inside the Company: CIA Diary, New York, 1975, p. 244; published in Great Britain in 1974.)

4. David Wise and Thomas Ross, The Invisible Government (New York, 1965, paperback edition) p. 127.

5. Ibid., pp. 127-8.

6. Charles D. Ameringer, Democracy in Costa Rica (Praeger, New York and Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University, California, 1982) pp. 83-5.

7. John Gerassi, The Great Fear in Latin America (New York, 1965, revised edition) p. 208.

8. Miami Herald, 13 February 1971.

9. Wise and Ross, p. 128.

10. Charles D. Ameringer, Dorr Pepe. A Political Biography of Jose Figueres of Costa Rica (University of New Mexico Press, 1978) pp. 124-5.

11. Washington Post, 9 January 1953; Wise and Ross, p.127.

12. SYRIA 1956-1957

1. Department of State Bulletin (Washington), 18 June 1956, pp. 999-1000.

2. U.S. Mutual Security Act of 1955, Sections 142(a)(4) and 413.

3. Declassified Documents Reference System: volume: document no. 2326, 10 May 1955; no. 2663, 21 September 1955; no. 2973, 9 January 1956; no. 2974,

16 January 1956. volume: document no. 2953, 14 December 1955; no. 2954, 26 January 1956; no. 2955, 27 January 1956. With the exception of no. 2663, all the documents bear the heading of the Operations Coordinating Board, a subcommittee of the NSC which coordinated covert activities.

4. Ibid., 1993 volume, no. 2953, 14 December 1955, p. 4.

5. Wilbur Crane Eveland, Ropes of Sand: Americas Failure in the Middle East (W. W. Norton & Co., New York, 1980) p. 122.

6. Patrick Seale, The Struggle for Syria: A Study ofPost-War Arab Politics, 1945-1958 (London, 1965) pp. 283-306: Eveland, pp. 135, 169-73.

7. Eveland, p. 182.

8. 1956 plot and background: Eveland, chapters 11-20; New York Times, 10 April 1956;

17 October 1956.

9. Dwight D. Eisenhower, The White House Years: Waging Peace, 1956-1961 (New York, 1965) p. 196.

10. Declassified Documents Reference System, 1981 volume, document no. 26E, 22 March 1957.

11. Ibid., 1985 volume, document no, 283, March 1957.

12. Ibid., 1981 volume, document no. 471B, 17 June 1957.

13. 1957 plot: Eveland, pp, 253-4; New York Times, 14 August 1957, pp. 1, 6; 15 August, pp. 1,4.

14. New York Times, 17 August 1957, p. 3,

15. Ibid., p. 14,

16. Eisenhower, p. 196.

17. CIA internal report, authors name deleted, 18 June 1962, the result of conversations with Western diplomats concerning the Kennedy-Macmillan meeting, in Declassified Documents Reference System, 1975 volume, document no. 240A.

13.THE MIDDLE EAST 1957-1958

1. Wilbur Crane Eveland, Ropes of Sand: Americas Failure in the Middle Fast (W. W, Norton & Co., New York, 1980) p. 240. What Eveland calls Russias threat may not have been all that it appeared to be. Kennett Love (see note re him in chapter) reported later that the CIA had manufactured several reports of Russian military activity which were without any basis in fact, to induce France and Great Britain to call a cease fire - Suez: The Twice-Fought War (Great Britain, 1969), p. 615.

2. Events in Jordan: New York Times, 5 April 1957, p. 1: 25 April, pp, 13; 26 April, p. 1; the words of the inter vention quotation are those of the Times, 26 April.

3. Richard Barnet, Intervention and Revolution, (London, 1972) p. 149.

4. Washington Post, 18 February 1977.

5. Kennett Love, op. cit., p. 655.

6. Dwight D. Eisenhower, The While House Years: Waging Peace, 1956-1961 (New York, 1965) p. 201.

7. Declassified Documents Reference System, (Arlington, Va.) 1981 volume, document 471B, 17 June 1957.

8. Eisenhower, p. 198.

9. Emmet John Hughes, The Ordeal of Power (London, 1963) pp. 253-4; the remark was made to Hughes a few months after Herter took office on 22 February 1957.

10. Barry Blechman and Stephen Kaplan, Force Without War: U.S. Armed Forces as a Political Instrument (The Brookings Institution, Washington, 1978) p. 84; although