the study was undertaken at the Pentagons request and with its full co-operation, the book stipulates that the views expressed are the authors alone.

11. Events concerning Syria: New York Times, 6 September 1957, pp. 1, 2; 8 September, p. 3: 10 September, pp. 1, 8, 9; 11 September, p. 10; 12 September, p. I; 13 September, pp. 1, 3; Barnet, pp. 149-51: Eisenhower, pp. 196-203; Patrick Seale, The Struggle for Syria: A Study ofPost-War Arab Politics, 1945-1958 [London, 1965) p. 303,

12. The norm has been for the CIA to be accused of involvement in a coup which the Agency or its scribes deny. In this case, it appears that the young CIA had a need to blow its own horn and it encouraged the word to be passed that it had been the motivating force behind the Egyptian army coup. But this assertion, found often in the literature, has never been accompanied by any clear description of how this took place, not even an explanation of why the CIA preferred Farouk out and the army in. Miles Copeland, one of the Agencys earliest officers and a great admirer of Kermit Roosevelt, goes to some length in his 1969 book, The Game of Nations, to propagate the story, but his account is pure crypto-mumbo-jumbo. In the same book, Copeland asserts that the CIA, with himself personally involved, directed a coup in Syria in 1949, This tale, too, is written in a manner that does not inspire credibility. It is perhaps relevant that CIA colleague Wilbur Crane Eveland (p. 148) has written that Id already had evidence that Copeland tended to exaggerate.

13. Saud, Illah, and plot against Nasser: Eveland, pp. 243-4.

14. Ibid., pp. 246-8.

15. Plots:

a) New York Times, 8, 13-15 August 1957; 21 October 1957; 24, 28, December 1957;

14 February 1958; 6-8, 14, 29 March 195S; 8 October 1958.

b) Eveland, p. 273.

c) Eisenhower, pp. 263-4.

d) The Times (London), numerous references from July 1957 to October 1958 - see the newspapers index under Egypt and Syria : espionage and political situation .

16. Eveland, p. 292n.

17. Soviet proposals: New York Times, 6 September 1957, p. 2; 11 September, p. 10.

18. Eisenhower, p. 269.

19. David Wise and Thomas Ross, The Invisible Government (New York, 1965, paperback edition) p. 337.

20. 1957 election and aftermath: Eveland, pp. 248-53, 256; Eisenhower, p. 265; Barnet, pp. 143-8.

21. Eisenhower quotations: Eisenhower, pp. 266-7.

22. Dulles news conference, 20 May 1958: Department of State Bulletin, 9 June 1958, p. 945.

23. Barnet, pp. 147-8.

24. Eisenhower, p. 268.

25. Eveland, p. 276.

26. Robert Murphy, Diplomat Among Warriors (US, 1965), p, 450.

27. Eisenhower, p. 273.

28. Murphy, p. 445, 455.

29. Eisenhower, p. 275.

30. Eveland, pp. 294-5; Eisenhower refers to similar situations, p. 277.

31. Eveland, pp. 295-6.

32. Wise and Ross, pp. 337-8; news item from the Si. Louis Post Dispatch, 23 July 1958, cited on p. 338.

33. Blechman and Kaplan, p. 253.

34. Claudia Wright, New Statesman magazine (London), 15 July 1983, p. 20. She doesnt say how the Soviets found out about the plan.

35. Interim Report: Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, The Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (US Senate), 20 November 1975, p. 181, footnote. In the report, Kassem is referred to as an Iraqi colonel . See also: Thomas Powers, The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA (New York, 1979) pp. 161, 163 for a discussion of how President Eisenhower would have to have given the approval for the action against Kassem.

36. See, e.g., Eisenhower, pp. 274-5.

37. Ibid., pp. 290-1.

14.INDONESIA 1957-1958

1. Joseph Burkholder Smith, Portrait of a Cold Warrior (G.P. Putnams Sons, New York, 1976) p, 205.

2. New York Times, 18 May 1956.

3. Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Foreign and Military Intelligence, Book 4, Final Report of The Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (U.S. Senate), April 1976, p. 133.

4. New York Times, 12, 30 April 1955; 3, 4 August 1955; 3 September 1955; 22 November 1967, p. 23.

5. John Discoe Smith, I Was a CIA Agent in India (India, 1967) passim; New York Times, 25 October 1967, p. 17;22 November, p. 23; 5 December, p. 12; Harry Rositzke, The KGB: The Eyes of Russia (New York, 1981), p. 164.

6. Interim Report: Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders. The Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (U.S. Senate), 20 November 1975, p, 4, note.

7. David Wise and Thomas Ross, The Invisible Government (New York, 1965, paperback edition) pp, 149-50.

8. Julie Southwood and Patrick Flanagan, Indonesia: Law, Propaganda and Terror (London, 1983) pp. 26-7.

9. Wise and Ross, p. 148.

10. J.B. Smith, pp. 210-11.

11. Ibid., pp, 228-9.

12. Ibid., p. 240.

13. Ibid, pp, 229,246.

14. Ibid., p. 243.

15. Sex-blackmail operations: ibid., pp. 238-40, 248. Smith errs somewhat in his comment about Round Table. The articles only (apparent) reference to the Soviet woman is in the comment on p. 133: Other and more scandalous reasons have been put forward for the Presidents leaning towards the Communist Party.

16. New York Times, 26 January 1976.

17. Truman Smith, The Infamous Record of Soviet Espionage , Readers Digest, August 1960. 18. J.B.Snnth, pp. 220-1.

19. Referred to in a memorandum from Allen Dulles to the White House, 7 April 1961; the memo briefly summarizes the main points of the US intervention: Declassified Documents Reference System {Arlington, Va.) released 18 December 1974.

20. The military operation and the Pope affair:

a) Wise and Ross, pp. 145-56.

b) Christopher Robbins, Air America (US, 1979), pp. S8-94.

c) Col. L. Fletcher Prouty, US Air Force, Ret., The Secret Team: The CIA and its Allies in

Control of the World (New York, 1974) pp. 155, 308, 363-6.

d) New York Times, 23 March 1958, p. 2; 19 April; 28 May, p. 9.

e) Sukarno, An Autobiography, as told to Cindy Adams (Hong Kong, 1966) pp. 267-71; first printed in the US in 1965; although a poor piece of writing, the book is worth reading for Sukarnos views on why it is foolish to call him a Communist; how he, as a Third-Worlder who didnt toe the line, was repeatedly snubbed and humiliated by the Eisenhower administration, apart from the intervention; and how American sex magazines contrived to make him look ridiculous.

f) J. B. Smith, pp. 246-7. There appears to be some confusion about the bombing of the church. Smith states that it was Pope who did it on 18 May before being shot down. Either he or other chroniclers have mixed up the events of April and May.

20. Wise and Ross, p. 145..

15. WESTERN EUROPE 1950s and 1960s

1. Richard Fletcher, How CIA Money Took the Teeth Out of British Socialism , in Philip Agee

and Louis Wolf, eds., Dirty Work: The CIA in Western Europe (New Jersey, 1978) p. 200.

2. The CCF, its activities and its publications:

a) For a detailed, and sympathetic, history of the CCF, see Peter Coleman, The Liberal

Conspiracy: The Congress for Cultural freedom and the Struggle for the Mind of Postwar Europe (New York, 1989), passim; CCF magazines - chapters 5 and 11; CCF books - Appendix D, plus elsewhere;

b) Russell Warren Howe, Asset Unwitting: Covering the World for the CIA , MORE (New York), May 1978. pp. 20-27, a magazine associated with the Columbia University School of Journalism; c) New York Times, 26 December 1977, p. 37; 27 April 1966, p. 28; 8, 9 May 1967, and other issues in 1967;

d) Commentary magazine (New York), September 1967;

e) Fletcher, pp. 188-200. Amongst other non-European CCF magazines were: Thought, and Quest in India, Aportes, Cadernos Brasileiros, and Informes de China in Latin America, Black Orpheus, and Transition in Africa, Horison, Social Science Review, Jiyu and Solidarity in Asia, and Hiwar in Beirut.

3. Ray Cline, Secrets, Spies and Soldiers (US, 1976), p. 129.

4. New York Times, 26 December 1977, p. 37.

5. Washington Post, 15 May 1967, p. 1.

6. Forum World Features: Howe, op. cit. Howe is the Forum writer quoted. CIA budget: House

Committee report, cited in Howe, p. 27. For a detailed study of CIA use of American news organizations, see Carl Bernstein, The CIA and the Media , Rolling Stone, 20 October 1977, and New York Times, 26 December 1977, pp. 1 and 37.

7. The Nation (New York), 19 June 1982, p. 738. The article reports that some CIA officers have maintained that Springer was rather liberal in the early 1950s and he was financed to counter neo-Nazi and rightist elements in Germany. This should be taken with a grain of salt, for the overriding policy of the American occupation administration during this period, regardless of the sentiments of any individual American official, was to suppress the influence of persons and groups to the left of center - Communists, radicals, and social democrats alike; at the same time, the US authorities were employing former Nazis in every area of administration and intelligence (see chapter on Germany).

8. Tom Braden, Im Glad the CIA is Immoral, Saturday Evening Post, 20 May 1967

9. Ibid.

10. Labour Party/CND: Fletcher, pp. 196-7; The Times (London), 5 October 1961.

11. Braden, p. 14.

12. Political parties/CIA:

a) New York Times, 7 and 9 January 1976.

b) Jack Anderson in the San Francisco Chronicle, 11 and 12 November 1981.

c) Coleman, pp. 183-5.