d) Chapman Pincher, Inside Story: A Documentary of the Pursuit of Power (London, 1979) p. 28.

13. Operation Gladio:

a) The Observer (London), 7 June 1992.

b) The Guardian (New York), 5 December 1990, p. 5, article from Milan citing the Italian news magazine Panorama, Agence France Presse, and other European sources.

c) Washington Post, 14 November 1990, p. A19.

d) Die Welt (Germany), 14 November 1990, p. 7.

e) Los Angeles Times, 15 November 1990, p. A6.

16. BRITISH GUIANA 1953-1964

1. Events of 1953: The Guardian (London), 28 December 1984, for a detailed description of the

raw cynicism behind the British action, based on government documents released in 1984; see also The Times (London) 7 and 10 October 1953; Cheddi Jagan, The West on Trial (London, 1966) chapters 7 and 8; The Ordeal of British Guiana , Monthly Review, (New York} July-August 1964, pp. 16-19.

2. Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 22 October 1953, column 2170, speech by

Oliver Lyttleton.

3. Ticket incident: Hew York Times, 16 October 1953, Jagan, p. 149. Pan Am: Morton Halperin,

et al.. The Lawless State (Penguin Books. New York, 1976), p. 47; Christopher Robbins, Air America (New York, 1979), p. 58; CounterSpy magazine (Washington) December 1983-February 1984, p. 21; Trippe was a member of two long-time CIA fronts: The American Institute for Free Labor Development, and The Asia Foundation (formerly called National Committee for a Free Asia)

4. ORIT: Jagan, pp. 296-7; Philip Agee, Inside the Company: CIA Diary (New York, 1975) see

index; Survey of the Alliance for Progress: Labor Policies and Programs, Staff Report of the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Subcommittee on American Republics Affairs, 15 July 1968, pp. 8-9; Serafino Romualdi, Presidents and Peons: Recollections of a Labor Ambassador in Latin America (New York, 1967), p. 346.

5. Events of 1957-59: The Sunday Times (London) 16 and 23 April 1967.

6. New York Times, 22 February 1967, pp. 1,17.

7. The Sunday Times, op. cit.

8. Jagan, p. 304.

9. Richard Barnet, Intervention and Revolution (London, 1972) p. 244.

10. Arthur Schlesinger, A Thousand Days (Boston, 1965) pp. 774-9.

11. San Francisco Chronicle, 21 March 1964, p. 27; New York Times, 31 October 1964, p. 7; The Times (London), 29june l963,p.8.

12. Jagan, p. 255.

13.1962 strike: New York Times, 22 February 1967, p. 17; 30 October 1994, p. 4 (media):Bamet, p. 245; Agee, pp. 293-4;Jagan, pp. 252-69; The Times (London) 13 March 1962, p-10.

14. 1963 strike, general description: Jagan, chapters 13 and 14.

15. Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 4 May 1966, columns 1765-7; see also 29 April 1966, columns 1133-4.

16. New York Times, 22 February 1967, p. 17.

17. Thomas J. Spinner Jr., A Political and Social History of Guyana, 1945-1983 (London, 1984) pp. 115-6; Agee, p. 406; New York Times, 4 January 1964, p. 10.

18. The Sunday Times, op. cit.

19. Ibid.

20. New York Times, 11 August 1963, p. 28.

21. Ibid., 11 September 1963, p. 1.

22. The Sunday Times (London) 25 May 1975, p. 4.

23. San Francisco Chronicle, 21 March 1964, p. 27.

24. Jagan, pp. 372-5.

25. New York Times, 31 October 1964, p. 7.

26. The Times (London) 29 June 1963, p. 8: the words arc those of The Times.

27. Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 27 April 1964, column 109.

28. The Times (London) 7 December 1964, p. S.

29. Events cf December 1964: The Times (London), 4 to 15 December 1964.

30. The Nation, June 4, 1990, pp. 763-4

31. New York Times, 30 October 1994, p. 4.

32. Ibid., pp. 1 and 4. 34. Ibid., p. 4.

17. SOVIET UNION late 1940s to 1960s

1. Spy Planes:

a) James Bamford, The Puzzle Palace (Penguin Books, Great Britain, 1983) pp, 136-9, 180-5.

b) Col. L. Fletcher Prouty, USAF, ret., The Secret Team: The CIA and its Allies in Control of

the World (New York, 1974) pp. 167-72, 187-9, 369-79, 419-29.

c) Sanche de Gramont, The Secret War (New York, 1963) chapter 9.

d) Harry Rositzke, The CIAs Secret Operations (New York, 1977) p. 23,

e) New York Times, 6 May 1960, p. 7, a list of air incidents to that dare.

2. Yeltsin: Los Angeles Times, 13 June 1992; Volkogonov: ibid, 12 November 1992. To add to

the confusion, the New York Times of 12 November reported that Volkogonov said that all 730 airmen, after being interned in Russian prison camps, had been sent back home . All attempts by the author to locate Volkogonovs exact testimony have been unsuccessful, It appears that his testimony was never published.

3. New York Times, 12 May 1960.

4. Emmet John Hughes, Ordeal of Power (London, 1963) p. 301.

5. Prouty, pp, 399, 421-4, 427.

6. Francis Gary Powers, Operation Overflight (New York, 1970), pp.. 81-5, 113 and elsewhere.

7. Prouty, p. 189.

8. New York Times, 8 May 1960, p. 29.

9. Ibid., 10 May 1960. The article referred to the continental United Stares. Whether any Soviet flights had been made over Alaska, which became a state in 1959, was not mentioned.

10. Caught in The Act: Facts About U.S. Espionage and Subversion Against the U.S.S.R. (Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, second revised edition, 1963), p. 95.

11. Thomas Powers, The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA (New York, 1979) pp. 155, 157

12. Emigres, infiltration into the Soviet Union: a) De Gramont, pp. 185-9, 480-6.

b) Konstantin Cherezov, NTS, A Spy Ring Unmasked {Moscow, 1965) passim; the author worked closely with NTS in Western Europe for several years before reluming to the Soviet Union.

c) Rositzke, pp. 18-50.

d) Caught in the Act, passim.

e) Wilbur Crane Eveland, Ropes of Sand: Americas Failure in the Middle East (N.Y. 1980) p. 263

f) Kim Philby, My Silent War (MacGibbon and Kee, London 1968) pp. 199-202.

g) Victor Marchetti and John Marks, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence (New York, 1975) pp. 204-6.

h) Louis Hagen, The Secret War for Europe (London, 1968) pp. 163-4.

i) New York Times, 30 August 1955, p. 1, training of Eastern Europeans at Fort Bragg, N.C. in guerrilla warfare. j) Nations Business (published by the United Slates Chamber of Commerce), April 1952, pp. 25-7, 68-9, discusses many of the sabotage and other tactics employed in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.

13. Cherezov, passim; de Gramont, pp. 480-6; Marchetti and Marks, p. 165.

14. Foreign and Military Intelligence, Book 1, Final Report of The Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (U.S. Senate), April 1976, p. 193.

15. Book Week {Washington Post), 5 February 1967.

16. Foreign and Military Intelligence, op. cit., p. 194.

17. For further discussion of CIA/USIA books and the source of these and other titles, see the references in notes 14 and 15; also Washington Post 28 September 1966; New York Times, 22 March 1967 and 22 December 1977; Peter Coleman, The Liberal Conspiracy: The Congress for Cultural Freedom and the Struggle for the Mind of Postwar Europe (New York, 1989), Appendix D and elsewhere; Alexander Kendrick, Prime Time: The Life of Edward R. Murrow (London, 1970), p. 478; Marchetti and Marks, pp. 180-1; E. Howard Hunt, Undercover: Memoirs of an American Secret Agent (London, 1975) pp. 70, 132.

18. Marchetti and Marks, pp. 174-8; de Gramont, pp. 486. 488-92.

19. Washington Post, 17 and 20 May 1982; 4 November 1982. For fuller discussions of the use of Nazis and their collaborators by the US Government in the anti-communist crusade, see: Christopher Simpson, Blowback: Americas Recruitment of Nazis and Its Effects on the Cold War (New York, 1988), passim, and John Loftus,

The Belarus Secret (New York, 1982), passim.

20. See references for note 12.

21. Heatings before The Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (U.S. Senate), Volume 4, 1975; Washington Post, 16 January 1975, p. 18; Rositzke p 62

22. Washington Post, 25 April 1979.

23. Rositzke, pp. 21,33, 37.

24. San Francisco Chronicle, 9 October 1978.

25. Rositzke, p. 15.

18. ITALY 1950s to 1970s

1. Unattributed, dated 19 June 1953; copy reproduced in Declassified Documents Reference System (Arlington Va.), 1977, document 137A.

2. Philip Agee and Louis Wolf, eds., Dirty Work: The CIA in Western Europe (New Jersey, 1978) pp. 168-9, English translation of interview with Victor Marchetti in Panorama (Milan, Italy), 2 May 1974, entitled Le mani sull Italia .

3. CIA memorandum to The Forty Committee (National Security Council), presented to the Select Committee on Intelligence, US House of Representatives (The Pike Committee) during closed hearings held in 1975. The bulk of the committees report which contained this memorandum was leaked to the press in February 1976 and first appeared in book form as CIA - The Pike Report (Nottingham, England, 1977). The memorandum appears on pp. 204-5 of this book. (See the Notes section for Iraq 1972-75 for further information about this report.)

4. Victor Marchetti and John D. Marks, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence (New York, 1975) p. 172; William Colby, Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA (New York 1978) p. 119.

5. CIA -The Pike Report, p. 193.

6. New York Times, 7 January 1976, p, 1