7. Bob Woodward, VEIL: The Secret Wars of the CIA, 1981-1987 (New York, 1987), p. 398.

8. New York Times, 7 January 1976, p. 4.

9. Ibid., p. 1.

10. CIA quote: New York Times, 26 December 1977, p. 37. Daily American: ibid; Carl Bernstein, The CIA and the Media , Rolling Stone, 20 October 1977, p. 59; Thomas Powers, The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA (New York, 1979, paperback edition} p. 414. One of the owners of the newspaper was Robert Cunningham, a CIA employee from 1956 to 1964. {Washington Fast, 19 September 1985, p. Al8)

11. Fred Landis, Robert Moss, Arnaud de Borchgrave, and Right-Wing Disinformation , Covert Action Information Bulletin (Washington), August-September 1980, p. 43.

12. Colby, p. 124. Colby does not mention which year hes referring to, bur in 1955, in a shop stewards election at Fiat, the Communist unions share of the vote fell to 39% from 63% the year before. (New York Times, 30 March 1955, p. 9) The Times article stated that the dominance of the Communist union had greatly impaired Fiats value for Western defense and its eligibility for offshore procurement orders from the United States.

13. Agee and Wolf, p. 169.

14. Mark Aarons and John Loftus, Unholy Trinity: The Vatican, The Nazis and Soviet Intelligence (New York, 1991), passim

15. Agee and Wolf, p. 171.

16. Colby, chapter 4.

17. The Sunday Times [London) 21 March 1976, p. 34.

19. VIETNAM 1950-1973

1. Le Monde, 13 April 1950, cited in R.E.M. Irving, The First Indochinese War (London, 1975) p. 101.

2. Cited in Hans Askenasy, Are We All Nazis? (Lyle Stuart, Secaucus, NJ, 1978} p. 64.

3. New York Times, 21 March 1954, p. 3; 11 April 1954, IV, p. 5. According to Bernard Fall, The Two Vietnams (Frederick A. Praeger, Publishers, New York, 1967, second revised edition) p. 472, only S954 million of the $ 1.4 billion had been spent at the time of the ceasefire in 1954.

4. The Pentagon Papers (N.Y. Times edition, Bantam Books, 1971), p, xi.

5. Ibid., pp. 4, 5, 8, 26.

6. Washington Post, 14 September 1969, p. A25. Lansing was the uncle of John Foster and Allen Dulles. He appointed them both to the American delegation at the Versailles Peace Conference in 1918-19, where it was that Ho Chi Minh presented his appeal.

7. Ho Chi Minh and Vietminh working with OSS, admirers of the US: Archimedes L.A. Patti, Why Vietnam? Prelude to Americas Albatross (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1980), passim. Parti is the former OSS officer consulted by Ho; Chester Cooper, The Lost Crusade: The Full Story of U.S. Involvement in Vietnam from Roosevelt to Nixon (Great Britain, 1971) pp. 22, 25-7, 40. Cooper was a veteran American diplomat in the Far East who served as the Assistant for Asian Affairs in the Johnson White House. He was also a CIA officer, covertly, for all or part of his career. French collaboration with the Japanese: Fall, pp. 42-9. Ho Chi Minh not a genuine nationalist: Department of State Bulletin (Washington), 13 February 1950, p. 244, Dean Acheson; 10 April 1950, Ambassador Loy Henderson; 22 May 1950, Dean Acheson. Ho Chi Minhs desk: Blanche W. Cook, The Declassified Eisenhower (New

York, 1981). p. 184. Declaration of Independence: Full text can be found in Ho Chi Minh, Selected Works, Volume III (Hanoi, 1961), pp. 17-21.

8. Fall, pp. 122, 124.

9. The Pentagon Papers, p. 5; Fall, p. 473.

10. Fall, p. 473.

11. Christopher Robbins, Air America (G. P. Putnam, New York, 1979) pp. 59-60.

12. New York Times, 11 April 1954, IV, p. 5.

13. The Pentagon Papers, p. 11.

14. Ibid., p. 36.

15. Ibid., pp. 5, 11; Dwight Eisenhower, The White House Years: Mandate for Change, 1953-1956 (New York, 1963) pp. 340-41; Cooper, chapter IV; Sherman Adams, Firsthand Report (New York, 1961) p. 122; Adams was Eisenhowers White House chief of staff.

16. Adams, p. 124.

17. The Pentagon Papers, p, 46.

18. The Times (London) 2 June 1954, quoting from an article by Willoughby.

19. Cooper, p. 72.

20. Bernard Fall, Hell in a Very Small Place: The Siege of Dien Bien Phu (Great Britain, 1967) p. 307; Parade magazine (Washington Post) 24 April 1966; Roscoe Drummond and Gaston Coblentz, Duel at the Brink (New York, 1960) pp. 121-2.

21. Joseph Burkholder Smith, Portrait of a Cold Warrior (New York, 1976) pp. 172-4.

22. Ibid., pp. 173-4.

23. Eisenhower: Time magazine, 12 July 1954.

24. US policy toward the Geneva Conference; Cooper, chapter IV; Cooper was a member of the American delegation at the conference.

25. Fall (Two Vietnams), pp. 153-4.

26. All other actions: The Pentagon Papers, Document No. 15; Lansdale Teams Report on Covert Saigon Mission in 54 and 55 , pp. 53-66.

27. C. L. Sulzberger, New York Times, 22 January 1955, p. 10.

28. New York Times, 17 July 1955.

29. US Department of Defense, United Slates - Vietnam Relations, 1945-67 (the government edition of the Pentagon Papers) book 2, IV, A.5, cab 4, p. 66, cited in Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman, The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism (Boston, 1979) p. 370.

30. J. B. Smith, p, 199.

31. Eisenhower, p. 372.

32. The Pentagon Papers, p. 22.

33. Ibid., p. 25

34. Life magazine, 13 May 1957.

35. The Pentagon Papers, p. 23.

36. Emmer John Hughes, The Ordeal of Power (London, 1963) p. 208; Hughes was a speech writer for President Eisenhower.

37. Michael Klare, War Without End (Random House/Vantage Books, New York, 1972) pp. 261-3; David Wise and Thomas B. Boss, The Espionage Establishment [Random House, New York, 1967) p. 152.

38. Time, 30 June 1975, p. 32 of European edition.

39. David Wise, Colby of CIA - CIA of Colby , New York Times Magazine, 1 July 1973, p. 9.

40. Donald Duncan, The New Legions (London, 1967) pp. 156-9.

41. Newsweek, 22 March 1976, pp. 28, 31.

42. Washington Post, 20 March 1982, p. A19.

43. In numerous places; see, e.g., I. F. Stones Weekly, (Washington), 4 March 1968; The Phantom Battle that Led to War , U.S. News and World Report, 23 July 1984, pp. 56-67; Joseph C. Goulden, Truth is the First Casualty: The Gulf of Tonkin Affair - Illusion and Reality (Rand McNally & Co., U.S., 1969), passim.

44. Covert Action Information Bulletin (Washington) No. 10, August-September 19S0, p. 43.

45. Washington Post, 24 March 1967.

46. Chicago Daily News, 20 October 1965; Washington Post, 21 October 1965.

47. Copy of Oglesbys speech in authors possession.

48. Washington Post, 12 February 1967.

49. Ibid., 18 December 1966.

50. Alexander M- Haig, Jr. Caveat: Realism, Reagan, and Foreign Policy [New York, 1984), p. 202.

51. New York Times, 28 July 1975, p. 19.

52. New York Herald Tribune, 25 April 1965, p. 18.

53. U.S. Assistance Program in Vietnam, Hearings before a Subcommittee of the House Committee on Government Operations, 19 July 1971, p. 189.

54. Ibid., p. 183.

55. Victor Marchetti and John Marks, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence (New York, 1975) pp. 236-7.

56. William Colby, Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA (New York, 1978) pp. 272, 275-6.

57. Marchetti and Marks, p. 237.

58. Wise, p. 33.

59. New York Times, 3 August 1971, p. 10.

60. Congressional Record, House, 12 May 1966, pp. 9977-78, reprint of an article by Morley Safer of CBS News.

61. Washington Post, 25 November 1966.

62. U.S. Aid to North Vietnam, Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs, House Committee on International Relations, 19 July 1977, Appendix 2.

63. Atlanta journal, 25 September 1965.

63. San Francisco Chronicle, 9 January 1971; also see Telford Taylor, Nuremberg and Vietnam: An American Tragedy (New York, 1970).

20. CAMBODIA 1955-1973

1. Prince Norodom Sihanouk, as related to Wilfred Burchett, My War With The CIA (London, 1974, revised edition) pp. 75-6. The SEATO treaty of 1954 actually had a protocol attached which unilaterally placed Cambodia, Laos and South Vietnam under its umbrella. Sihanouk later asserted that he had rejected Cambodias inclusion. although at the time he was reportedly amenable to his country being a member of some sort of Western security system for south-east Asia. In any event, for various reasons, he soon moved away from this position and toward the policy of neutralism he maintained thereafter. For a fuller discussion of these matters, see Michael Leifer. Cambodia: The Search for Security (London, 1967) particularly chapter 3.

2. Events of 19.56: Sihanouk, pp. 82-6; New York Times, 17 March 1956, p. 2; 24 March, p. 3; 20 April, p. 5; 21 April, p. 3.

3. Sihanouk, p. 94

4. Neak CheatNiyum ( The Nationalist , PhnomPenh) 29 September 1963, cited in Leifer, p. 144.

5. Pentagon Papers, Vol 10, p. 1100, cited by William Shawcross, Side-Show: Kissinger, Nixon and the Destruction of Cambodia [New York, 1979, paperback edition) p. 53.

6. Sihanouk, pp. 102-3; New York Times, 26 June 1958, p. 1; 25 April 1966, p. 20.s

7. Shawcross, p. 54.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid., p. 122.

10. Washington Post, 2 January 1966, p. E4,

11. US involvement with the Khmer Serei and Khmer Krom: Charles Simpson, III, Inside the Green Berets - The First 30 Years - A History of the US Army Special Forces (London, 1983) pp. 114-5; Shawcross, passim; Sihanouk, passim.

12. Plot of 1958-59: Sihanouk, pp. 102-109; Washington Post, 7 September 1965, p. 1; Shawcross, pp. 54-5; The Observer (London) 22 February 1959, p. 8.