13. Sihanouk, p. 125.

14. Ibid., pp. 124-5.

15. William Colby, Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA (New York, 1978), pp. 149-50.

16. Sihanouk, pp. 113-115, 118-121.

17. Effects of US aid to Cambodia; Sihanouk, passim, particularly pp. 93-6, 133-8; Shawcross, pp. 58-60; Washington Post, 2 January 1966, p. E4.

18. Sihanouk, pp. 139-40.

19. See, e.g., Washington Post, 4 August 1966 & 15 October 1966.

20. Francois Ponchaud, Cambodia Year Zero, translated from the French (London, 1978) p. 186.

21. San Francisco Chronicle, 23 July 1973.

22. Ibid., 16 July 1973; Shawcross, pp. 287-90.

23. Shawcross, pp. 148-9.

24. Ibid., pp. 114-15, based on interviews with Snepp by Shawcross.

25. Ibid., p. 114.

26. Seymour M. Hersh, Kissinger: The Price of Power (London, 1983) p. 176. Hersh, in chapter 15, provides further details of the machinations between the US and Lon Nol and others indicating American foreknowledge and encouragement of the coup.

27. Shawcross, p. 122.

28. Ibid., pp. 118-19.

29. Ibid., p. 120.

30. Roger Morris, Uncertain Greatness: Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy (Great Britain, 1977) p. 173.

31. Shawcross, p. 119; Snepps remarks based on interview with him by Shawcross.

32. New York Times, 21 March 1970, p. 1.

33. Morris, p. 174.

34. Newsweek, 22 November 1971, p. 37.

35. Shawcross, p. 400.

36. Testimony before US Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Hearings on Supplemental Assistance to Cambodia, 24 February 1975, p. 64.

37. American support of the Khmer Rouge:

a) Jack Calhoun, U.S. Supports Khmer Rouge , Covert Action Information Bulletin, No. 34,

Summer 1990, pp. 37- 40.

b) David Munro, Cambodia: A Secret War Continues , Covert Action Information Bulletin, No.

40, Spring 1992, pp. 52-57.

c) Newsweek, 10 October 1983, p. 41.

d) Los Angeles Times, 5 December 1980 (Ray Cline); 27 February 1991 (Bush administration admission of tactical military cooperation between US-backed forces and the Khmer Rouge.)

21. LAOS 1957-1973

1. Vientiane (Laos) correspondent, The Labyrinthine War , Far Eastern Economic Review (Hong Kong conserva tive weekly), 16 April 1070, p. 73.

2. Testimony before the US Senate Armed Services Committee, Hearings on Fiscal Year 1972 Authorizations, 22 July 1971, p. 4289.

3. Testimony before the House Subcommittee on Foreign Operations and Monetary Affairs, Committee on Government Operations, Hearings on US Aid Operations in Laos, May-June 1959; see also New York Times, 20 January 1961, p. 2, and Washington Post, 10 April 1966 for statements of Laotian Prime Minister Souvanna Phouma re US opposition to a coalition or neutralist government.

4. New York Times, 25 April 1957.

5. Ibid., 18 May 1958, IV, p. 7.

6. Ibid., 23 July 1958, p. 2; 25 July, p. 4.

7. Ibid., 20 January 1961, p. 2; Washington Post, 10 April 1966. 8. New York Times, 15 January 1959, p. 15.

9. Fred Branfman, Voices from the Plain of jars: Life Under an Air War (Harper & Row, New York, 1972) p. 12; New York Times, 18 May 1958, IV, p. 7.

10. New York Times, 25 April 1966, p. 20.

11. Arthur Schlesinger, A Thousand Days (Boston, 1965), p. 325.

12. 1958: Ibid., pp. 325-6 (this has to do with the events of 1958 referred to earlier - see notes 6 and 7 above); Ibid., p. 326; Branfman, p. 12; 1960: Chester Bowles, Promises to Keep: My Years in Public Life, 1941-1969 (New York 1971) p. 334; Bowles was a prominent American diplomat.

13. Roger Hilsman, To Move a Nation (New York, 1967) pp, 111-2.

14. New York Times, 25 January 195S, p. 6; 25 February, p. 6.

15. Ibid., 9 August 1960.

16. Norman Cousins, Report from Laos , Saturday Review, 18 February 1961, p. 12.

17. Secret Army;

a) New YorkTimes, 26 October 1969, p. 1.

b) Fred Branfman, The Presidents Secret Army , in Robert Borosage and John Marks, eds., The CIA Pile (NewYork, 1976) pp. 46-78.

c) Christopher Robbing, Air America (New York, 1979) chapters 5 and 8.

d) Col. L. Fletcher Prouty, US Air Force, Ret., The Secret Team: The CIA and its Allies in Control of the World (New York, 1974) pp. 190-93, 438.

e) Victor Marchetti and John Marks, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence (New York, 1975) pp. 54, 132.

f) San Francisco Chronicle, 25 July 1973 (reporting deaths).

18. New York Times, 18 May 1958, IV, p. 7.

19. Robbins, op. tit.

20. Branfman (CM File), p. 65.

21. Robbins, op. cit.

22. For a comprehensive account of DA involvement in drug trafficking from Latin America to Southeast Asia to Afghanistan, from the 1950s to the 1980s, see:

a) Alfred W. McCoy, The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia (Harper 8c Row, New York, 1972) passim; revised and updated edition. The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade (Lawrence Hill Books, New York, 1991) passim.

b) Henrik Kruger, The Great Heroin Coup: Drugs, Intelligence, and International Fascism (Boston, 1980, originally published in Danish in 1976), passim Christopher Robbins, Air America (New York, 1979), pp. 128, 225-243

c) Leslie Cockburn, Out of Control (New York, 1987), passim

d) Peter Dale Scott, Jonathan Marshall, Cocaine Politics: Drugs, Armies, and the CIA in Central America (University ofCAPress,1991),passim.

f) Drugs, Late Enforcement and Foreign Policy, a Report of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, 1989

23.Testimony of Daniel Oleksiw, USIA, before US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Hearings on US Security Agreements and Commitments Abroad: Kingdom of Laos, October 1969, pp. 586-7. The USIA produced a number of other unattributed publications in Asia during the 1950s and 1960s. A 1954 document lists: Four Seas (monthly magazine, southeast Asia), Free World (monthly magazine, nine Far Eastern countries), American Reporter (bi-weekly newspaper, India), Panorama (bi-weekly newspaper, Pakistan), and News Review (weekly magazine, Beirut). [White House Memo based on information prepared by USIA, 15 February 1954, Declassified Documents Reference System, 1987, document no. 548.]

24. New York Times, US April 1966, p. 20.

25. Ibid., 20 January 1961, p. 2.

26. Marchetti and Marks, p. 132; Branfman (Voices), p. 16.

27. Robbins, p. 116.

28. William Lederer & Eugene Burdick, A Nation of Sheep (London, 1961) pp. 12-13; see also Bernard Fall, Anatomy of a Crisis: The Laotian Crisis of 1960-1961 (New York, 1969), chapter 7.

29. Lederer and Burdick, pp. 15-22.

30. Bernard Fail, Street Without Joy: Insurgency in Indochina, 1946-63 (London, 1963, Third revised edition) p, 329; New York Times 3 January 1961, p. 10.

31. Fall (Street), p. 332.

32. Schlesinger, p. 329.

33. Ibid., p. 517; see also Andrew Tully, The Super Spies (London, 1970) p. 165.

34. Robbins, p. 115.

35. Prouty, p. 314.

36. New York Times, 3 May 1964, p. 1; 7 May, p. 7; 14 May, p. 11.

37. Congressional Record, 18 July 1973, pp. 24520-22.

38. Branfman (Voices), p. 5; Branfman was in Laos 1967-71, first as an educational adviser to International Voluntary Services ( a Bible Belt version of the Peace Corps - Robbins), then as a writer and researcher.

39. Refugee and Civilian War Casualty Problems in Indochina, Staff Report prepared for the US Senate Subcommittee on Refugees, Committee on the Judiciary, 28 September 1970, pp. 19 and v.

40. Ibid., p. 32.

41. The Guardian (London) 14 October 1971, p. 4.

42. Robbins, p. 132.

43. Branfman (Voices), p. 15.

44. New York Times, 23 February 1973, p. I.

45. Ibid., 8 April 1954.

22.HAITI 1959-1963

1. Robert I. Rotberg with Christopher K. Clague, Haiti: The Politics of Squalor [A Twentieth Century Fund Study, Boston, 1971), p. 244.

2. New York Times, 15 and 16 August 1959: Robert Debs Heinl, Jr. and Nancy Gordon Heinl, The Story of the Haitian People, 1492-1971 (Boston, 1978), p. 600.

3. Hispanic American Report (Stanford University, California) October 1959, p. 434.

4. New York Times, 17 and 18 August 1959.

5. Heinl, p. 600; New York Times, 15 August 1959.

6. Heinl, p. 600; Rotberg, p. 219.

7. New York Times, 16 August 1959.

8. Heinl, p. 600.

9. New York Times, 16 August 1959.

10. Rotberg, p. 219.

11. Heinl, p. 618.

12. Interim Report: Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, The Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (US Senate), 20 November 1975, p. 4, footnote 1. The Report doesnt specify when this took place, but the New York Times, 14 November 1993, p. 12, placed it in 1961.

13. Fritz Longchamp and Worth Cooley-Prost, Hope for Haiti , Covert Action Information Bulletin (Washington), No. 36, Spring 1991, p. 56. Longchamp is Executive Director of the Washington Office on Haiti, an analysis and public education center; Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. A Thousand Days (Boston, 1965) pp. 782-3; Heinl, p. 617.