23. GUATEMALA 1960

The principal sources of this chapter are:

a) Richard Gott, Rural Guerrillas in Latin America (Great Britain, 1973, revised edition) pp, 68-77; first published in 1970 as Guerrilla Movements in Latin America.

c) David Wise and Thomas Ross, The Invisible Government (New York, 1965, paperback edition) pp. 22-4, 33.

d) Col. L.Fletcher Prouty, US Air Force, Ret The Secret Team: The CIA and its Allies in Control of the World (New York, 1974) pp. 45-6.

d) John Gerassi, The Great Fear in Latin America (New York, 1965, revised edition) pp. 184-5; Gerassi was a correspondent in Latin America for the New York Times and an editor of Time magazine.

1. Gott, p. 70.

2. New York Times, 18 November 1960.

3. Ibid., 15, 19 November 1960.

4. Gott, p. 71; Wise and Ross, p. 33; Prouty. p. 46.

5. Gerassi, p. 185.

6. New York Times, 19 November 1960.

7. Thomas and Marjorie Melville, Guatemala: The Politics of Land Ownership (US, 1971) p. 142; Gott, p. 76.

8. Gott, p. 77.

24. FRANCE/ALGERIA 1960s

1. Andrew Tully, CM: The Inside Story (New York, 1962), p. 44.

2. Allen Dulles, The Craft of Intelligence (New York, 1965), p. 175.

3. New York Times, 4 May 1961, p. 10.

4. Cited in Tully, p. 45, article by Crosby Noyes, no date of Washington Star given.

5. Cited in Sanche de Gramont, The Secret War (New York. 1963) pp. 29-30

6. New York Times, 24 April 1961.

7. Washington Post, 5 May 1961, p. A16.

8. Time, 12 May 1961, p. 19.

9. New York Times, 29 April 1961, pp. 1, 3

10. Ibid., 1 May 1961, p. 28.

11. Cited in de Gramont, pp. 30-31.

12. Newsweek, 15 May 1961, pp. 50-51.

13. LExpress/Claude Krief: As reported in Alexander Werth, The CIA in Algeria , The Nation (New York), 20 May 1961, pp. 433-5

14. Time, 12 May 1961, p. 19

15. New York Times, 29 April 1961, p. 3.

16. Ibid., 2 May 1961, p. 18.

17. Ibid., 24 June 1975, p. 11.

18. Christian Plume & Pierre Demaret, Target: De Gaulle {translation from the French, London, 1974) passim.

19. Chicago Tribune, 15 June 1975, p. 1.

20. David Wise, The Politics of Lying (New York, 1973, paperback edition) p. 431.

21. Military Assistance Training, Hearings before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, subcommittee on National Security Policy and Scientific Developments, October and December 1970, p. 120.

22. Chicago Tribune, 20 June 1975, p. 6.

25. ECUADOR 1960 to 1963

1. Philip Agee, Inside the Company: CIA Diary (New York, 1975) pp. 106-316, passim. Agees book made him Public Enemy No. One of the CIA. In a review of the book, however, former Agency official Miles Copeland - while not concealing his distaste for Agees betrayal - stated that The book is interesting as an authentic account of how an ordinary American or British case officer operates ... As a spy handler in Quito, Montevideo and Mexico City, he has first-hand information ... All of it, just as his publisher claims, is presented with deadly accuracy. (The Spectator, London, 11 January 1975, p. 40.)

2. New York Times, 14 July 1963, p. 20.For an interesting and concise discussion of the political leanings of Velasco and Arosemana, see John Gerassi, The Great Fear in Latin America (New York, 1965, revised edition) pp. 141-8.

26. THE CONGO 1960-1964

1. Interim Report: Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, The Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (US Senate], 20 November 1975, pp. 14, 15, 16 respectively; hereafter referred to as Assassination Report.

2. Washington Post, 28 August 1960, p. A4.

3. Assassination Report, p. 58.

4. Jonathan Kwitny, Endless Enemies: The Making of an Unfriendly World (New York, 1984) p. 57.

5. Alan Merriam, Congo: Background to Conflict (Northwestern U. Press, Evanston, 1961) pp. 352-4.

6. David Gibbs, The Political Economy of Third World Intervention: Mines, Money, and U.S. Policy in the Congo Crisis (University of Chicago Press, 1991), p. 100, provides the details of these ties; p. 90 re US embassy requesting Belgian intervention.

7. Ibid., pp. 92-3.

8. New York Times, 4 September 1960, IV, p. 3; Gibbs, p. 100.

9. Kwitny, pp. 62-3, 65; Stephen R. Weissman, American foreign Policy in the Congo, 1960-

1964 (Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1974), pp. SS-95 (Weissman is a former staff member of the Subcommittee on Africa of the House Foreign Affairs Committee); Andrew Tully, CIA: The Inside Story (Fawcett, New York, 1962, paper back), pp. 179-80 (CIA men).

10. Assassination Report, p. 16.

11. Victor Marchetti (former executive assistant to the Deputy Director of the CIA) and John D. Marks, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence (Laurel/Dell, 1983), p. 28; this edition contains more of the previously deleted and classified passages.

12. Stephen R. Weissman, CIA Covert Action in Zaire and Angola: Patterns and Consequences , Political Science Quarterly (PSQ), Summer 1979, p. 267 (see information about Weissman above).

13. Coup: Kwitny, p. 66; quotes re Lumumba: Assassination Report, pp. 16, 17, 18, 63 respectively. The last three are quotes or paraphrases of the words of American officials.

14. Ibid., p. 19-30. Gottlieb is referred to as Joseph Scheider in the Assassination Report.

15. Ibid., p. 13.

16. New York Times, 22 February 1976, p. 55.

17. Assassination Report, p. 30.

18. Ibid., pp. 18-19.

19. Gibbs, pp. 96-7.

20. Ibid., p. 48.

21. Tully, p. 178; for further discussion of US-Mobutu relationship, see Gibbs, p. 96; Kwitny, pp. 63, 66-7; Weissman (American Foreign Policy), pp. 94-9, 108-9; Weissman (PSQ), p. 268.

22. John Stockwell, In Search of Enemies (New York, 1978) p. 105; see also 137, 236-7.

23. Cables: 18 January 1961, from US Ambassador in Leopoldville to American Consulate in Elizabethville, and 20 January 1961, from Elizabethville to Washington, Declassified Documents Reference System (Arlington, Va.), Retrospective Collection volume, documents 375B, E. Both cables were sent after Lumumbas death, indicating that these State Department officials were not privy to the CIAs actions.

24. Gibbs, chapter 4; Arthur Schlesinger, A Thousand Days (Boston, 1965) p. 576.

25. Col. L. Fletcher Prouty, US Ait Force, Ret., The Secret Team: The CIA and its Allies in Control of the World (Ballantine Books, New York, 1974, paperback) pp. 26, 129-30, 438.

26. Costa Rica in 1955 (cf. this chapter); and Burma in 1970, if not also earlier, when the US military aided the Burmese air force to mount strikes against Burmese rebels, while the CIA was assisting the rebels from its opera tion in Laos. (San Francisco Chronicle, 16 October 1970, p. 22.) Additionally, in Angola during the 1960s and 70s, and in Cuba, 1957-58, the Agency gave funds to insurgents attempting to overthrow governments which were being provided with arms by the United States to suppress the insurgents, (cf. these chapters)

27. Assassination Report, p. 18. Lawrence Devlin is referred to as Victor Hedgman in the Report.

28. Kwitny, p. 67.

29. Newsweek 22 November 1971, p. 37.

30. State Department memo, 17 November 1961, from L.D. Battle, Executive Secretary, to McGeorge Bundy, Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs; Declassified Documents Reference System (Arlington, Va.), Retrospective Collection volume, document 383C.

31. Marchetti and Marks, p. 28.

32. Kwitny, pp. 67-8; Weissman (American Foreign Policy) pp. 105, 205; Weissman (PSQ) p. 270; the CIA memoran dum was entitled: Congo: United States Assistance to Adoula Againsr Gizenga , no date, but apparently written in November 1961, found in the National Security Files, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library, Boston, cited by Weissman (PSQ).

33. CBS Reports , 26 April 1962, The Hot and Cold Wars of Allen Dulles , pp. 19-20 of transcript, cited by 5tephen R. Weissman in The CIA and U.S. Policy in Zaire and Angola in Ellen Ray, et al., eds., Dirty Work 2: The CIA in Africa (New Jersey, 1979), p. 200; this is another version of Weissmans article in PSQ referred to above.

34. William Atwood, The Reds and the Blacks (London, 1967), p. 194; Atwood was US Ambassador to Kenya, 1964- 65; Weissman (PSQ], pp. 271-2; Weissman (American Foreign Policy), pp. 226-30.

35. Atwood, p. 192.

36. CIA mercenaries: David Wise and Thomas Ross, The Espionage Establishment (New York, 1967) p. 167; Stockwell, pp. 187-8; Marchetti and Marks, p. 104; Roger Morris (former staff member of the National Security Council) and Richard Mauzy, Zaire (the Congo): An Exercise in Nation Building in Robert Borosage and John Marks, eds., The CIA File (New York, 1976) pp. 35-7.

37. New York Times, 26 April 1966, p. 1.

38. Ibid., 17 June 1964. pp. 1, 12; 18 June, p. 1.

39. M. Crawford Young, Rebellion and the Congo , in Robert Rotberg, ed.. Rebellion in Black Africa (Oxford University Press, 1971), p. 230.

40. Young, p. 227, and passim; Atwood, p, 192 [witch doctors); Thomas Powers, The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA (New York, 1979) p. 153 (Mulele).

41. Young, p. 209.

42. New York Times, 15 November 1964, p. 27.

43. Ibid, 1 November 1964, p. 12: 3 November, p. 14; Atwood, chapter 16.