Промышленный лизинг Промышленный лизинг  Методички 

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44. Richard Barnet, Intervention and Revolution (London, 1970) p. 250.

45. Atwood, p. 218.

46. The Times (London) 25 November 1964.

47. Marchetti and Marks, p. 111.

48. Atwood, p. 194.

49. Dwight Eisenhower, The White House Years: Waging Peace, 1956-1961 (New York, 1965] p. 270.

27. BRAZIL 1961 to 1964

1. Phyllis R. Parker, Brazil and the Quiet Intervention, 1964 (University of Texas Press, Austin, 1979] p. 64. This book draws heavily upon declassified documents found at the John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson presiden tial libraries. The author augmented this information with interviews of key figures in the events discussed here.

2. Ibid., p. 67.

3. Ibid., p. 65.

4. Ibid p. 20, Washington, April 1962

5. Ibid., pp. 30-31, 34.

6. Ibid., p. 31, meeting in Brazil 17 December 1962.

7. Ibid., pp. 45, 21, Walters report to the Pentagon, 6 August 1963.

8. Ibid., pp. 41-2.

9. Ibid., p. 44 and passim

10. John Gerassi, The Great Fear in Latin America (New York, 1965, revised edition) p. 83.

11. Ibid., p. 82.

12. New York Times, 12 July 1961, p. 13.

13. Peter Bell, Brazilian-American Relations in Riordan Roett, ed., Brazil in the Sixties (Vanderbilt University- Press, Nashville, 1972) p. 81; Bell interview of Cabot, Washington, DC, 15 January 1970.

14. Gerassi, p. 84.

15. New York Times, 16 March 1962, p. 7.

16. Stephen Schlesinger and Stephen Kinzer, Bitter Fruit: The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala (Doubleday & Co., New York, 1982) pp, 103-4, 108.

17. New York Times, 16 March 1962, p. 7.

18. Gerassi, pp. 84-8.

19. Thomas E. Skidmore, Politics in Brazil, 1930-1964: An Experiment in Democracy (Oxford University Press, New York, 1967) p. 130; Gerassi, pp. 80-81.

20. Jan Knippers Black, United States Penetration of Brazil (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1977), p.40; the words quoted are Blacks, based on her interview with L[. Col. Edward L. King, a member of the Joint Brazil-US Defense Commission in the second half of the 1960s; also see Bell, p. 83 re US doubts about Goulart from the beginning of his presidency.

21. Arthur Schlesinger, A Thousand Days (Boston, 1965) pp. 780-2; New York Times, 5 December 1961, p. 11.

22. New York Times, 5 April 1962, p. 3.

23. Time, 3 November 1961, p. 29.

24. Gerassi, pp. 83, 88.

25. Parker, p. 29, interview with Gordon, 19 January 1976.

26. Philip Agee, Inside the Company: CM Diary (New York, 1975),p. 321.

27. Parker, p. 27.

28. A. J. Langguth, Hidden Terrors (New York, 1978) p. 92; Langguth was formerly with the New York Times and in 1965 served as Saigon Bureau Chief for the newspaper.

29. Parker, p. 26, memo from President Kennedy to AID administrator Fowler Hamilton, 5 February 1962.



30. Ibid., pp. 87-97.

31. Agee, p. 362.

32. Langguth, pp. 77, 89-90, 92, 108.

33. Parker, p, 40.

34. For the most important incident/example of this see the story of the Navy mutiny in Skidmore, pp. 296-7.

35. Philip Siekman, When Executives Turned Revolutionaries , Fortune magazine (New York), September 1964, p. 214.

36. Parker, p. 63, interview of Walters.

37. Langguth, pp. 61-2, 98; Washington Post, 5 February 1968, p. 1.

38. Skidmore, p. 330; also see James Kohl and John Litt, Urban Guerrilla Warfare m Latin America (The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1974) p. 39 for further discussion of the strong pro-US, antileftist bias of the colleges curriculum.

39. Parker, p. 98, cable to Stare Department, 4 March 1964, In this and the following quotations from cables, missing articles and prepositions have been inserted for the sake of readability. For further discussion of the closeness of US and Brazilian military officers and the presumed influencing of the latter along pro-US, anti-communist lines see: a) Langguth, pp. 94-6. 162-70; b) Black, chapters 9 and 10; c) Michael Klare, War Without End (New York, 1972) chapter 10; d) Alfred Stepan, The Military in Politics: Changing Patterns in Brazil (Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 1971,a RAND Corp. Study) pp. 123-33.

40. Parker, p. 65.

41. Ibid., p. 68.

42. Ibid., pp. 68-9.

43. Ibid., p. 74.

44. Ibid., p. 75, teletype, Washington to US Embassy, Brazil, 31 March 1964.

45. Ibid., p. 68.

46. Ibid., pp. 74, 77.

47. Ibid., pp. 72, 75-6; also see the statement of former Brazilian Army Col. Pedro Paulo de Baruna; exiled by the junta, about the effect of the naval force upon the thinking of Castelo Bianco: Warner Poelchau, ed., While Paper, Whitewash [New York, 1981) p. 51.

48. Survey of the Alliance for Progress: Labor Polities and Programs, Staff Report of the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Subcommittee on American Republics Affairs, 15 July 1968, p. 53; the background of AIFLD can be found in earlier pages of this report; also see Black, chapter 6.

49. US Senate Report cited in the previous note, p. 14, quoting from a radio program in which Doherty took part.

50. Eugene Methvin, Labors New Weapon for Democracy , Readers Digest, October, 1966, p. 28.

51. Poelchau, pp. 47-51.

52. Langguth, pp. 110, 113; Washington Post, 2 April 1964, p. 23.

53. Langguth, pp. 112-13.

54. Ibid., p. 113; Washington Post, 3 April 1964, p. 17.

55. Gordons cables: Parker, pp. 81-3.

56. Ibid., p. 83.

57. Hearing on the Nomination of Lincoln Gordon to be Assistant Secretary of State for Interamerican Affairs, US Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 7 February 1966, pp. 44-5.

58. The Department of State Bulletin, 20 April 1964, news conference of 3 April 1964.

59. Langguth, p. 116, from Langguths interview of Gordon.

60. Senate Hearing, op. cit.

61. Foreign Assistance Act of 1965, Hearings before the House Foreign Affairs Committee, 25 February 1965, p. 346.

62. Langguth, p. 113, citing the Brazil Herald, 6 March 1964, p.4.

63. New York Times, 11 July 1965, p. 13.

64. Ibid., 25 November 1966, p. 4.

65. Marc Edelman, The Other Super Power; The Soviet Union and Latin America 1917- 1987 , NACLAs Report on the Americas (North American Congress on Latin America, New York),



January/February 1987, pp. 32-4; day of mourning: p. 29, citing the CIAs Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS-LAM), 15 November 1982.

66- Readers Digest, November 1964, pp. 135-58.

67. Agee, p. 364.

68. Parker, pp. 85-6.

69. Agee, pp. 364-5.

70. New York Times, 6 April 1964, p. 1.

71. Readers Digest, October, 1966, op. cit.

72. Parker, p. 59.

73. The repressive ness of the Branco government and the Washington connection:

a) Penny Lernoux, Cry of the People: The Struggle for Human Rights in Latin America - The Catholic Church in Conflict with US. Policy (Penguin Books, London, 1982) pp. 166-75, 313-32, and elsewhere.

b) Langguth, chapters 4, 5 and 7 and elsewhere.

c) Torture and Oppression in Brazil, Hearing before the Subcommittee on International Organizations and Movements of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, 11 December, 1974; contains testimony by and about torture victims and reprints of articles from the US press.

d) Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman, The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism (Boston, 1979) see index.

74. Agency for International Development (AID), Program and Project Data Presentation to the Congress for Fiscal Year 1971, p. 26.

75. Langguth, p. 94; Poelchau, p. 65, interview of Langguth.

76. Amnesty International, Report on Allegations of Torture in Brazil (London, 1974) p. 40.

77. Jornal do Brazil, 25 May 1972, cited in Amnesty International, op. cit., p. 49.

78. Lawrence Weschler, A Miracle, A Universe: Settling Accounts with Torturers (Penguin Books, New York, 1991), p. 122.

79. Special Study Mission to Latin America on Military Assistance Training, House Committee on Foreign Affairs Report, 1970.

80. New York Times, 27 April 1966, p. 28.

28. PERU 1960 to 1965

1. New York Times, 22 December 1960, p. 3.

2. Philip Agee, Inside the Company: CIA Diary (New York, 1975) pp. 145-6.

3. Wall Street Journal, 5 January 1961, p. 1.

4. New York Times, 28 December 1960, p. 5.

5. Ibid., 6 and 7 January 1961; Agee, p. 146; Agee does not mention Ramos by name but it appears rather clear that he is referring to the same man.

6. John Gerassi, The Great Fear in Latin America (New York, 1965, revised edition) pp. 20, 129; originally published as The Great Fear (New York, 1963).

7. For the background, ideology, and fate of the various revolutionary movements in Peru during this period, see Richard Gott, Rural Guerrillas in Latin America (Great Britain, 1973, revised edition) pp. 363-463; James Petras and Maurice Zeitlin, eds., Latin America: Reform or Revolution? (Fawcett, New York, 1968) pp. 343-.50; New York Times, 30 August 1966, p. 1.

8. Victor Marchetti and John Marks, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence (New York, 1975) p. 137.

9. Hearings before the Committee on Armed Services and the Subcommittee on Department of Defense of the Committee on Appropriations (US Senate), 23 February 1966, p. 38.

10. Michael Klare, War Without End (Random House/Vantage Books, New York, 1972) pp. 297-8.

11. New York Times, 12 September 1965, p. 32.

12. Agee, p. 440; see also pp. 267-9, 427.



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