Промышленный лизинг Промышленный лизинг  Методички 

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to provide further funds and support to Soares. It worked. The Socialist Party became the dominant power.17

Australia, 1974-75

See Interventions chapter.

Jamaica, 1976

A CIA campaign to defeat social democrat Michael Manleys bid for reelection featured disinformation, arms shipments, labor unrest, economic destabilization, financial support for the opposition and attempts upon Manleys life. Despite it all, he was victorious.18

Panama, 1984, 1989

In 1984, the CIA helped finance a highly questionable presidential electoral victory for one of Manuel Noriegas men. The opposition cried fraud , but the new president was welcomed at the White House. By 1989, Noriega was no longer a Washington favorite, so the CIA provided more than $10 million dollars to those opposing Noriegas candidate as well as providing for clandestine radio and TV broadcasts to influence the vote. When the Noriega man won , Washington, on this occasion, expressed its moral indignation about the fraudulent election.19

Nicaragua, 1984, 1990

In 1984, the United States, trying to discredit the legitimacy of the Sandinista governments scheduled election, covertly persuaded the leading opposition coalition not to take part, A few days before election day, some other rightist parties on the ballot revealed that US diplomats had been pressing them to drop out of the race as well.20 The CIA also tried to split the Sandinista leadership by placing phoney full-page ads in neighboring countries.21 But the Sandinistas won handily in a very fair election monitored by hundreds of international observers.

Six years later, the National Endowment for Democracy (NED), Washingtons specially created stand-in for the GIA, poured in millions of dollars to defeat the Sandinistas in the February elections. NED helped organize the Nicaraguan opposition, UNO, building up the parties and organizations that formed and supported this coalition. The successful UNO was the only political party to receive US aid, even though eight other opposition parties fielded candidates.22



Perhaps most telling of all, the Nicaraguan people were made painfully aware that a victory by the Sandinistas would mean a continuation of the relentlessly devastating war being waged against them by Washington.

Haiti, 1987-1988

After the Duvalier dictatorship came to an end in 1986, the country prepared for its first free elections the following year. However, Haitis main trade union leader declared that Washington was working to undermine the left. US aid organizations, he said, were encouraging people in the countryside to identify and reject the entire left as communist . Meanwhile, the CIA was involved in a range of support for selected candidates until the Senate Intelligence Committee ordered the Agency to cease its covert electoral action.23

Bulgaria, 1990-1991 and Albania, 1991-1992

With no regard for the fragility of these nascent democracies, the US played a major role in ousting their elected governments. See Interventions chapter.

Russia, 1996

For four months (March-June), a group of veteran American political consultants worked secretly in Moscow in support of Boris Yeltsins presidential campaign. Although the Americans were working independently, President Clintons political guru, Dick Morris, acted as their middleman to the administration, and Clinton himself told Yeltsin in March that he wanted to make sure that everything the United States did would have a positive impact on the Russians electoral campaign. Boris Yeltsin was being counted on to run with the globalized free-market ball and it was imperative that he cross the goal line. The American consultants in Moscow scripted a Clinton-Yeltsin summit meeting in April to allow the Russian to stand up to the West , just like the Russian Communist Party- Yeltsins main opponent-insisted they would do if they won.

The Americans emphasized sophisticated methods of message development, polling, focus groups, crowd staging, direct-mailing, etc., urged more systematic domination of the state-owned media, and advised against public debates with the Communists. Most of all they encouraged the Yeltsin campaign to go negative against the Communists, painting frightening pictures of what the Communists would do if they took power, including much civic upheaval and violence, and, of course, a return to the worst of Stalinism. With a virtual media blackout against them, the Communists were extremely hard pressed to respond to the attacks or to shout the Russian equivalent of Its the economy, stupid.



It is impossible to measure the value of the American consultants contributions to the Yeltsin campaign, for theres no knowing which of their tactics the Russians would have employed anyhow if left to their own devices, how well they would have applied them, or how things would have turned out. But we do know that before the Americans came on board, Yeltsin was favored by only 6 percent of the electorate. In the first round of voting, he edged the Communists 35 percent to 32, and was victorious in the second round 54 to 40 percent. Democracy, declared Time magazine, triumphed. 24

Mongolia, 1996

The National Endowment for Democracy worked for several years with the opposition to the governing Mongolian Peoples Revolutionary Party (the former communists, who had won the 1992 election) to achieve a very surprising electoral victory. In the sixAyear period leading up to the 1996 elections, NED spent close to a million dollars in a country with a population of some 2.5 million, the most significant result of which was to unite the opposition into a new coalition, the National Democratic Union. Borrowing from Newt Gingrichs Contract With America, the NED drafted a Contract With the Mongolian Voter , which called for private property rights, a free press and the encouragement of foreign investment.25 The MPRR had already instituted Westen>style economic reforms, which had led to widespread poverty and wiped out much of the communist social safety net. But the new government promised to accelerate the reforms, including the privatization of housing.26 The Wall Street Journal was ecstatic that shoclotherapy was now going to become even more shocking, as with the sale of state enterprises. The newspapers editorial was entitled Wisdom of the Steppes .27 The new government was one that Washington could expect to be more hospitable to American corporations and intelligence agencies than the MPRR. Indeed, by 1998, the National Security Agency had set up electronic listening posts in Outer Mongolia to intercept Chinese army communications, and the Mongolian intelligence service was using nomads to gather intelligence in China itself.28

Bosnia, 1998

Bosnia effectively became an American protectorate, with Carlos Westendorp-the Spanish diplomat appointed to enforce Washingtons offspring: the 1995 Dayton peace accords-as the colonial Governor-General. Before the September elections for a host of offices, Westendorp removed 14 Croatian candidates from the ballot because of alleged biased coverage aired in Bosnia by neighboring Croatias state television and politicking by ethnic Croat army soldiers. After the election, Westendorp fired the elected president of the Bosnian Serb Republic, accusing him of creating instability. In this scenario those who appeared to support what the US and other Western powers wished were called moderates , and allowed to run for and remain in office. Those who had other thoughts were labeled hardliners , and ran the risk of a different fate. When Westendorp was chosen to assume this position of high representative in Bosnia in May 1997, The Guardian of London wrote that The US secretary of state, Madeleine Albright, praised



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