10 New York Times, March 8, 1995, p.12; March 9, p.6

11 Los Angeles Times, August 4, 1996, p.l

12 Ibid.,p.l7

13 Slovo (Russian newspaper), August 27, 1999, as reported by CDI Russia (Center for Defense Information, Washington, DC internet list on Russia); Los Angeles Times, August 4, 1996, p.l; New York Times, September 20, 1999, p.9

14 Los Angeles Times, August 4,1996, p.l

15 New; York Times Magazine, March 13, 1994, p.54

16 Ibid.

17 Ibid.; Los Angeles Times, August 2, 1993, p.12

18 Los Angeles Times, August 4, 1996

19 Ibid., March 7, 1992, p.14 and August 5, 1996

20 Ibid., August 5, 1996, p.l 1

21 Weaver, Atlantic Monthly, op. cit.; Los Angeles Times, August 6, 1996, p. 11

22 Washington Post, May 26, 1996

23 Ibid., August 28, 1999, p.14

24 Los Angeles Times, August 4, 1996, p.2

CHAPTER 3

1 Amnesty International, in a report of January 17, 1994, entitled KUWAIT: Three years of unfair trials (AI Index: MDE 17/01/94), states that it expressed its concern on 1 July 1993 that the trial of 14 defendants, 12 of whom face the possibility of death sentences, accused of participation in an alleged assassination attempt on former United States President George Bush, failed to satisfy international minimum standards. The report makes repeated references to the use of torture by the Kuwaiti government of people accused of collaboration with the occupying Iraqis in 1990. The subsequent convictions and confession of one of the defendants may be seen in this context.

See also The Guardian (London), June 29, 1993, p.9 and June 7, 1994, p.9 for further discussion of the questions surrounding the arrests and trial.

2 Washington Post, June 27, 1993

3 Sunday Times (London), July 6, 1975, p.l. Narut at the time was working at a US naval hospital in Naples, Italy, and made his remarks at a NATO-sponsored conference held in Oslo, Norway the week before.

4 The Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (US Senate), Interim Report: Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, November

20, 1975, p.285

5 Washington Post, October 5, 1988, summarizes some of Reagans executive orders

6 Los Angeles Times, October 14, 1989, p.16

7 William Corson, The Armies of Ignorance (New York, 1977), p.347

CHAPTER 4

1 Part of a May 23, 1997 release by the CIA of 1,400 pages of classified documents concerning the 1954 coup in Guatemala. It is 20 pages long.

2 One of seven manuals from the Armys Foreign Intelligence Assistance Program, entitled Project X ; written originally in English in the mid-1960s, later translated into Spanish; provided to Latin American and other Third World countries military intelligence trainees; also used at School of the Americas; in use until at least 1991; various paragraphs in the original texts were revised by the Pentagon during the 1970s and 1980s; released to the public by the Pentagon, September 20, 1996

3 Another of the seven manuals referred to in note 2.

4 Inter Press Service (a well-known and respected Third World news agency headquartered in Rome), March 10, 1997, on the internet

5 KUBARK was a code name used by the CIA, with no particular significance. This is a Vietnam-era training manual, written for use by Americans against the enemy, not for training foreign military services. Also see New York Times, February 9, 1997.

6 Much of the material in this manual derives from the KUBARK manual, discussed above. Both HRETM and KUBARK were declassified January 24, 1997. They deal exclusively with interrogation. The Pentagon has stated that HRETM was altered in 1984-85 to discourage torture. This was after a furor was raised in Congress and the press about CIA training techniques used in Central America. For further excerpts see Baltimore Sun, January 27, 1997 and the website of School of the Americas Watch-http: www.soaw.org

7 For a complete list of the methods of sabotage, see Holly Sklar, Washingtons War on Nicaragua (Boston, 1988), p. 183-4. For some of the illustrations and Spanish text, see Covert Action Information Bulletin (Washington, DC), #22, Fall 1984, p.28

8 New York Times, October 17, 1984, p.l and 12; Sklar, p.177-87

9 Sklar, 186

CHAPTER 5

1 Baltimore Sun, June 11, 1995, p.lOA

2 Washington Post, August 3, 1999, p.10

3 James Becket, Barbarism in Greece (New York, 1970), p.xi

4 Proposed 1984, in force 1987, ratified by US 1994

5 Baltimore Sun, op. cit.

6 Amnesty International, Report on Torture (London, 1973), p.77

7 Becket, p. 15

8 Becket, p. 16, see also p. 127

9 Kermit Roosevelt, Countercoup: The Struggle for the Control of Iran (McGraw-Hill paperback, 1981), p.9. Roosevelt was a CIA officer operating in Iran in the 1950s.

10 Leaf was chief CIA analyst on Iran for five years before resigning in 1973, interviewed by Seymour Hersh in the New York Times, January 7,1979.

11 Robert Fisk, article in The Independent (London), August 9,1998, p. 19

12 Thomas Powers, The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA (Pocket Books, New York, 1979) p.155,157

13 Donald Duncan, The New Legions (London, 1967) p.156-9; Duncan describes the Green Beret interrogation class he was in.

14 David Wise, Colby of CIA-CIA of Colby , New York Times Magazine, July 1, 1973, p.33-4

15 Telford Taylor, Nuremberg and Vietnam: an American Tragedy (New York Times, 1970), p.148-53

16 Richard Harris, Death of a Revolutionary: Che Guevaras Last Mission (New York, 1970) p.185-6

17 AJ. Langguth, Hidden Terrors (New York, 1978) p.285-7; (Langguth was Saigon Bureau Chief for the New York Times in 1965); also see New York Times, August 15,1970

18 Langguth, p.289

19 Manuel Hevia Cosculluela, Pasaporte 11333: Ocho Anos con la CIA (Havana, 1978), p.284-7. Hevia was a Cuban agent who worked under cover with Mitrione in Uruguay.

20 Langguth, passim; see index under torture .

21 Allan Nairn, C.I.A. Death Squad , The Nation, April 17,1995, p.511-13

22 Washington Post, May 12, 1996, p.Cl; Los Angeles Times, March 31, 1995, p.4

23 From Statement of Sister Dianne Ortiz, May 6, 1996 , distributed by her supporters in Lafayette Park opposite the White House while she was conducting a silent vigil there.

24 New York Times, January 11,1982, p.2

25 The National Guardsman, identified only as Manuel , was interviewed in the television documentary Torture , produced and directed by Rex Bloomstein for Thames Television Ltd. (Great Britain) in 1986 with the cooperation of Amnesty International. Video copy in authors possession.