26 Baltimore Sun, lengthy series of articles on US support for Battalion 316, June 11-20, 1995; and January 27, 1997, Torture Was Taught By CIA ; also see New York Times, October 24, 1998 and The Nation, November 10, 1997, p.20-22 (David Corn)

27 Philip Wheaton, Panama Invaded (New Jersey, 1992), p. 14-15; this is from testimony recorded by the staff of the Central American Human Rights Center of San Jose, Costa Rica, taken in Panama on Jan. 29, 1990 from a Red Cross contact.

28 Newsweek, March 22,1976, p.28 and 31

29 Chicago Police Used Torture, Report Alleges , Los Angeks Times, February 8,1992, p.l and

30 Holly Burkhalter, Torture in U.S. Prisons , The Nation, July 3, 1995, p. 17-18. Burkhalter at the time was the Washington director of Human Rights Watch.

31 See also Torture in the United States a report by the Coalition Against Torture and Racial Discrimination, chaired by the World Organization Against Torture, USA (Washington, DC)- www.woatusa.org

Other examples of torture practiced in the US can be found in the present book in A Day in the Life of a Free Country .

32 Washington Post, October 28,1996. The provision is part of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996.

33 Los Angeks Times, May 13,1992; Washington Post, July 3,1995

CHAPTER 6

1 See Interventions and other sections of this book. Also see Christopher Simpson, Blowback (New York, 1988), John Loftus, The Belarus Secret (New York, 1982), Martin Lee, The Beast Reawakens (Boston, 1997)

2 Washington Post, November 21,1971, p.13

3 Los Angeks Times, September 13, 1988, p. 19. For further discussion of this issue, see Russ Bellant, Old Nazis and the New Right: The Republican Party and Fascists , Covert Action Information Bulletin (Washington, DC), #33, Winter 1990, p.27-31

CHAPTER 7

1 New York Times, September 20,1999, p.6

2 Course O-47, taught at SOA while it was still in the Panama Canal Zone, Document 5489, p.5, February 3, 1977, as cited in Penny Lernoux, Cry of the People: The Struggle for Human Rights in Latin America-The Catholic Church in Conflict With U.S. Policy, (Penguin Books, NY, 1982), p.167n; for other course descriptions, see p. 180-1,471-3

3 New York Times, September 28,1996, p.22

4 Washington Post, February-5,1968

5 Mark Danner, The Massacre at El Mozote (Vintage Books, 1994)

6 Washington Post, November 16, 1999, p.31, op-ed column by Leo J. ODonovan, SJ.

7 See the website of School of the Americas Watch-http: www.soaw.org-Also see Covert Action Quarterly (Washington, DC), #46, Fall 1993,p.l5-19

8 February 8,1990, before the Senate Committee on Armed Services

9 For further discussion, see Latin America Working Group (Washington, DC), Just the Facts: A civilians guide to U.S. defense and security assistance to Latin America and the Caribbean, which tells everything one would want to know about training Latin militaries in the US and abroad - bases, military exercises, human-rights restrictions and much more; can be read in full at http: www.ciponline.org/facts

Also see the excellent series in the Washington Post, July 12-14, as well as December 13 and 14,1998

10 New York Times, November 18,1999

11 Michael Klare and Nancy Stein, Police Terrorism in Latin America , NACLAs Latin America and Empire Report (North American Congress on Latin America, NY), January 1974, p. 19-23, based on State Department documents obtained by Senator James Abourezk in 1973; ibid., July-August 1976, p.31; also see Jack Anderson, Washington Post, October 8, 1973, p.C33; A.J. Langguth, Hidden Terrors (New York, 1978), p.242-3

12 New York Times, January 23, 1975, p.38; January 26, 1975, p. 42; NACLA, op. cit., July-August 1976, p.31-2; Langguth, p.301

13 See Lawrence Rockwood & Amelia Simpson, Training the worlds police , Foreign Policy in Focus report, Institute for Policy Studies (Washington, DC), forthcoming July 2000.

14 Thomas E. Skidmore, Politics in Brazil, 1930-1964 (Oxford University Press, New York, 1967), p.330; also see James Kohl and John Litt, Urban Guerrilla Warfare in Latin America (The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1974), p.39, for further discussion of the strong pro-US, anti-leftist bias of the colleges curriculum.

15 Phyllis R. Parker, Brazil and the Quiet Intervention, 1964 (University of Texas Press, Austin, 1979) p.98, cable to State Department, March 4,1964

CHAPTER 8

1 Washington Post, December 4,1996, p. 1

2 Leonard A. Cole, Cbuos of Secrecy: The Armys Germ Warfare Tests over Populated Areas (Maryland, 1990), p.12-14

3 Washington Post, September 21,1999, p. 1

4 United Nations General Assembly Resolution: Establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East , December 4, 1990, Resolution No. 45/52.

5 New York Times, January 24,1991, p. 11

6 Ibid., March 23,1991

7 Michael Bilton and Kevin Sim, Four Hours in May Lai (Viking, New York, 1992), p.175,209-13

8 LA Weekly (Los Angeles), March 9-15,1990, p.12

9 New York Times, January 9,1971, p.3

10 Telford Taylor, Nuremberg and Vietnam: an American Tragedy (New York, 1970),p.l4(M3

11 Far Eastern Economic Review (Hong Kong), October 30,1997, p. 15, 20

12 Washington Post, May 25,1998, p.B4

13 I am indebted to Professor Joan Roelofs of Keene State College, New Hampshire for bringing this concept to my attention.

14 This and most of the other material concerning the complaint to the Tribunal mentioned here were transmitted to the author by Mandel and other complainants.

15 Press Release from Chief Prosecutor Louise Arbour, The Hague, May 13,1999.

16 The Observer (London), December 26, 1999; Washington Times, December 30 and 31,1999; New; York Times, December 30,1999

17 Washington Post, May 24,1999, p.l

18 New York Times, May 13,1999, p.l

19 NATO press conference, Brussels, May 25,1999

20 Washington Post, April 22,1999, p.18

21 Ibid., September 20,1999, p.l

22 New York Times, December 2,1998, p.l; January 3, 2000

23 Washington Post, November 18,1999, p.l

CHAPTER 9

1 The Miami Herald, November 16, 1997. See remarks about leading Cuban exile terrorist Luis Posada Carriles in National Endowment for Democracy chapter.

2 Associated Press, Tampa, Fla., July 16,1997

3 Unless otherwise indicated, infonnation about the individual cases can be found in the following: Miami Herald, October 21,1998, p.l 1A; Boston Globe, May 2,3 &4,1999; press releases of the Center for Justice and Accountability (San Francisco) and the Center for Constitutional Rights (New York), which have been involved in lawsuits against several of the individuals named; Covert Action Quarterly (Washington, DC), #65, Fall 1998, p.45

4 Guatemalan Human Rights Commission (Washington, DC), Human Rights Update, April 21,1995

5 Noam Chomsky, Z Magazine, March 1992, p.9, based on an interview given by Gramajo to the Harvard International Review