51 Ibid,p.6-7

52 The Nation, August 15/22,1987, p.117-20; San Francisco Chronicle, June 17, 1987; The National Reporter (Washington, DC), Fall 1987, p.33-38; Covert Action Information Bulletin (Washington, DC), #29, Fall 1987, p.7-10

53 The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia), May 16,1987, p.l

54 The Independent Commission of Inquiry on the U.S. Invasion of Panama, The U.S. Invasion of Panama: The Truth Behind Operation Just Cause (South End Press, Boston, 1991), passim; Philip Wheaton, ed., Panama Invaded (The Red Sea Press, New Jersey, 1992), passim

55 On the US inducing of the Soviet intervention, see Brzezinskis remarks in the Introduction; also, Robert Gates (former CIA Director), From the Shadows (New York, 1996), p. 178 - [President] Carter began numerous covert actions to counter Soviet advances...Well before the invasion of Afghanistan, he approved intelligence findings aimed at countering the Soviets...[in] Afghanistan.

56 Washington Post, November 23,1999

57 National Endowment for Democracy, Washington, DC, Annual Report, 1990 (October 1,1989-September 30,1990), p.23-4.

58 Ibid, 1991, p.41-43

59 Los Angefes Times, June 13,1991, p.14

60 National Endowment for Democracy, Washington, DC, Annual Report, 1991 (October 1,1990-September 30,1991), p.42

61 Los Angeles Times, March 9,1992, p. 14

62 Mark Bowden, Black Hawk Down (1999), passim; Stephen Shalom, Gravy Train: Feeding the Pentagon by Feeding Somalia , November 1993, at

www.zmag.org/zmag/articles/shalomsomalia.html; oil companies: Los Angeles Times, January 18,1993, p.l

63 Post-war bombing: Washington Post, August 30, 1999, p.3, September 18; Looney: Ibid., June 24,1996

64 Pilot and navy ships: New York Times, July 29,1996, p.6

65 New York Times, editorial, November 25,1996, p. 14

66 June 30,1999, the Senate passed the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Bill, 2000, which contained the condemnation of the intelligence service,

SIN.

67 Washington Post, November 25,1990, p.18, December 19,1990, p.25

68 iF Magazine (Arlington, VA), July-August 1997, p.24-25, article by William Blum on this incident; Washington Post, April 27, 1997, p.29 (RU-38A plane)

69 National Catholic Reporter, March 24,1995

70 Viva Chiapas!, Winter 1995/6, p. 1-2, and other issues (a publication of the ecumenical organization Conversion for Reclaiming Earth in the Americas, Takoma Park, MD)

71 See the series in the Washington Post, July 12-14,1998

72 Drugs: In August 1999, Mexicos former top drug prosecutor, Mario Ruiz Massieu, was charged with laundering $9.9 million in suspected drug payoffs through a Houston bank: Washington Post, August 28, 1999, p.7; also see September 9, 1998 regarding Mexican military aiding drug traffickers. Human rights: Amnesty International, Mexico: The persistence of torture and impunity, (New York, June 1993), passim; also see later Amnesty reports on Mexico

73 Viva Chiapas! op. cit.

74 Washington Post series, op. cit.

75 Senator Patrick Leahy (D.-VT) has been the leading sponsor of such legislation, with various versions becoming law since the late 1990s. A discussion of this can be read online at http: www.ciponline.org/facts. Also see various editions of Amnesty Internationals Human Rights & US Security Assistance.

76 The Dallas Morning News, March 18,1998

77 Testimony of Donnie Marshall before the House Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on Crime, July 29, 1999, from not-yet-published transcript read in the committees office

78 Miami Herald, October 7,1997, p.8a; Washington Post, February 24,2000

79 New York Times, November 11,1998, p.24

80 Washington Post, October 4,1997

81 Ibid., February 18,1999

82 Amnesty Action (AIUSA, NY), Winter 1997, p.l and 8, reiterating the details of the 1994 report

83 Washington Post, December 31,1998

84 Colombia Bulletin: A Human Rights Quarterly (Colombia Support Network, Madison WI), Spring 1997, p.29, article by Carlos Salinas of Amnesty International. For much greater discussion of this intervention, see other issues of this magazine or their website: http: www.igc.org/csn/index.html

85 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States (GPO), 1996, Vol. I, p.614, April 21

86 New York Times, March 21, 1999, p.l. Ethnic cleansing is what it was labeled by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.

87 Washington Post, November 8,1998, p.3

88 The Independent (London), April 24,1999, p.l

89 Ibid.

90 Military Review (Fort Leavenworth, Kansas), The Professional Journal of the U.S. Army , February 1987, p.46-47

CHAPTER 18

1 Miami Herald, October 17,1997, p.22A

2 Joseph Burkholder Smith (former CIA officer), Portrait of a Cold Warrior (New York, 1976), chapters 7,15,16,17; Raymond Bonner, Waltzing With a Dictator: The Marcoses and the Making of American Policy (New York, 1987), p.39-42; New York Times editorial, October 16,1953, p.26

3 David Wise and Thomas Ross, The Invisible Government (New York, 1965), p.337; Wilbur Crane Eveland, Ropes of Sand: Americas Failure in the Middle East (W.W Norton & Co., New York, 1980), p.249-50; New York Times, March 31,1997, p.ll

4 Smith, p.210-11

5 Dwight Eisenhower, The White House Years: Mandate for Change, 1953-1956 (New York,

1963), p.372

6 The Guardian (London), December 28, 1984, for a detailed description of the raw cynicism behind the policy to oust Jagan, based on British government documents released in 1984; The Times (London), October 7 and 10,1953; The Sunday Times (London), April 16 and 23,1967

7 New York Times, October 9, 1994, p.l, March 31, 1997, p.ll; Los Angeles Times, March 20,1995, p.5

8 Washington Post, January 24,1997

9 Duane Clarridge with Digby Diehl, A Spy For All Seasons: My Life in the CIA (New York, 1997), p.64-6. Clarridge went on to become a high official in the CIA.

10 New York Times, April 25,1966, p.20

11 Philip Agee, Inside the Company: CIA Diary (New York, 1975), p.321; AJ. Langguth, Hidden Terrors (New York, 1978) p.92

12 John Bartlow Martin, Overtaken by Events: The Dominican Crisis From the Fall of Trujillo to the Civil War (Doubleday, NY, 1966) p.226-8

13 Ibid.,p.347-8

14 Georgie Anne Geyer, Miami Herald, December 24, 1966; Stephen Schlesinger and Stephen Kinzer, Bitter Fruit: The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala (New York, 1982), p.236-44; New York Herald Tribune, April 7,1963, article by Bert Quint, section 2, p.l

15 Washington Post, May 17,1975; New York Times, May 17-18,1975

16 Covert Action in Chile, 1963-1973, a Staff Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (US Senate), December 18,1975, passim

17 New York Times, September 25, 1975, p.l, January 7, 1976, p.l; The Guardian (London), February 7, 1996 (review of book about Scares links to CIA)

18 Ernest Volkman and John Cummings, Murder as Usual , Penthouse (New York), December 1977, p.l 12 ff.; David Corn, Blond Ghost: Ted Shackky and the CIAs Crusades (Simon &